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A revision of the genus Arbelodes Karsch (Lepidoptera:
Cossoidea: Metarbelidae)
from southeast-central and southern Africa with the description of

thirteen new species

Ingo Lehmann

Published by the author

L.4l

Natural History Museum Libra

000040500

A revision of the genus Arbelodes Karsch (Lepidoptera:
Cossoidea: Metarbelidae)
from southeast-central and southern Africa with the description of

thirteen new species

Ingo Lehmann

Published by the author

Author:
Ingo Lehmann

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23" August, 2010

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The Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH),

the Natural History Museum, Paris, France (MNHN),

the National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (NMK),

the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium (RMCA),

the Transvaal Museum of Natural History Pretoria, South Africa (TMSA),

the Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (ZFMK),
the Natural History Museum, Humboldt-University, Berlin (ZMHB).

Date of publication: 23" August, 2010 (Pp. 1- 82)

A revision of the genus Arbelodes Karsch (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae)

from southeast-central and southern Africa with the description of thirteen new species

Ingo Lehmann

Breite Strabe 52, 23966 Wismar, Germany, ingoS.lehmann@ googlemail.com

University of Bonn, Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig

Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
ABSTRACT

The genus Arbelodes Karsch (1896) is presented, currently comprising 22 species, from southeast-central and southern
Africa. This genus is found to be centred in southern Africa, with the highest diversities and endemism in montane zones as
in the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg (South Africa and Lesotho), the Cape Floristic Region and in southern Namibia. It is
closely linked to a warm temperate vegetation element, related to Afromontane forest and to a subtropical thicket with
succulent components. The latter is associated with an ancient, dry subtropical forest and/or woodland vegetation; the former
with mixed gymnosperm-angiosperm forests of the mid Cretaceous. Based on morphological characters, no close relationship
has been found to any of the other genera of Metarbelidae occurring predominantly in tropical Africa. According to these
results Arbelodes is treated herein as a potential relict of Gondwana or the Cretaceous. Thirteen new species are described.
Presented are photographs of the adults, illustrations of their wing venation and genitalia; as well as information on the
floristic composition of their habitats. The type species of the genus is Arbelodes meridialis Karsch (1896), which has a
south-easterly distribution in South Africa, and occurs in three adjacent phytochoria with a possible centre in the
“Tongaland-Pondoland regional mosaic”. Six species, namely Teragra sticticosta Hampson (1910); Metarbela albitorquata
Hampson (1910); M. flavicolor Janse (1925); M.griseata Janse (1925); M. iridescens Janse (1925) and M. heringi Janse
(1930) have been transferred from the genera Teragra Walker (1855) and Metarbela Holland (1893) into the genus
Arbelodes. The majority of these species are linked to the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg. The remaining species include:
Arbelodes claudiae spec. nov. from Mbala (northeastern Zambia), Mzuzu and the Juniperus forest (northern Malawi); A.
prochesi spec. nov. from Kalomo (southeastern Zambia) and the Vumba Highlands (eastern Zimbabwe); A. collaris
Aurivillius (1921) from the Limpopo Province (South Africa); A. deprinsi spec. nov. from Dragon Peaks Mountain Resort
(KwaZulu-Natal Province); A. mondeensis spec. nov. from Kleinemonde (Eastern Cape Province); A. dicksoni spec. nov.
from Cape Town; A. varii spec. nov. from Bloubergstrand (Western Cape Province); A. agassizi spec. nov., A. franziskae
spec. nov., A. haberlandorum spec. nov., A. kruegeri spec. nov. and A. shimonii spec. nov. from the Cederberg mountain
range (Western Cape Province); A. dupreezi spec. nov. from Farm Aar (southwestern Namibia) and A. sebelensis spec. nov.

from Sebele (southeastern Botswana).

Keywords: Southern Africa, genus Arbelodes, revision, new species, taxonomy, distribution.

INTRODUCTION

There has been no treatment of the Metarbelidae of the Afrotropical Region since the monograph of Janse (1925) for South
Africa and the publication by Gaede (1929). Between 1930 and 1977 less than ten new species had been described. Six new
species from the Afrotropical Region were described by Lehmann (1997; 2007) and one species by Mey (2005). Whereas

sixteen new species, including the newly recorded genus Paralebedella Strand (1923), from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

have subsequently been added (Lehmann, 2008a, b). The new genus Kroonia, including seven new species, from the
Afrotropical Region has been described by Lehmann (2010). The characters which define the Metarbelidae, and the current
knowledge about the adult Metarbelid moths, their distribution in the Afrotropical and Oriental Regions, their immature
stages and habitats were dealt with by Lehmann (2008a, b; 2010).

Janse (1925) treated the genera Metarbela Holland (1893) and Arbelodes Karsch (1896) as the same genus, the former having
priority. In contrast, Karsch (1896), Aurivillius (1901), Gaede (1929) and Vari et al. (2002) treated Arbelodes and Metarbela
as different genera. Lehmann (2007) adopted this view and additionally, treated Arbelodes as an endemic genus of southern
Africa, with the description of one new species, namely A. kroonae from southeastern Namibia. The following paper gives
evidence, that Arbelodes is a genus on its own and is predominantly centred in the montane zones of southern Africa with
highest diversities of endemic species in the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg, Cape Floristic Region and in mountainous areas
of southern Namibia. A minor extension exists via the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe to plateau areas of Malawi with a
disjunct distribution on plateau regions of eastern Zambia.

At this stage it is impossible to give a detailed description of the distribution, diversity, endemism as well as about the
habitats of all the Arbelodes species, but it is worthwhile to try and fit the available data into a model (it is presented in the
discussion below), which can be modified or rejected as new evidence becomes available. Some scientists may consider it too
early to undertake this exercise here and prefer to look for more data. In science there is room for both the analytical and the

synthetic approach as long as the evidence we use is scrutinized and weighed with care.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Approximately 1350 specimens representing ca. 255 species will be examined during the present study, from the collections
of The Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH); the Natural History Museum, Paris, France (MNHN); the private
owned Museum Witt, Munich, Germany (MWM); the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway (NHMO)); the
National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (NMK); the Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm (NRM); the Royal Museum
for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium (RMCA) including specimens collected in Kenya by Jurate De Prins and Ugo
Dall’ Asta in 1998-2009; the Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum, Frankfurt/Main, Germany (SMF); the Zoological
Museum Amsterdam, The Netherlands (ZMA); the Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn,
Germany (ZFMK); the Natural History Museum, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany (ZMHB); the Zoological Museum,
University of Copenhagen, Denmark (ZMUC); the Zoological State Collection Munich, Germany (ZSM); including 40
species and digital images of all the species of Metarbelidae housed in the Transvaal Museum of South Africa, Pretoria
(TMSA), and also specimens from the private collection of Dr Douglas Kroon (Sasolburg) and Hermann Staude
(Magaliesburg). Additionally, privately owned specimens include 23 species from northwestern Tanzania collected by the
late Jan Kielland and Anders Bjgrnstad (Skien, Norway) and 55 species from northern, central and southern Malawi collected
by Raymond James Murphy (Mzuzu) in 1996-2010.

A photograph of each species was taken prior to dissection. The descriptive colour terms of each specimen (e.g. of the head,
thorax, abdomen, wings) were described before dissection in daylight and are based on terms used in Color Standards and
Color Nomenclature (Ridgway, 1912). Regarding the genitalia, the author concentrated on the male genitalia, and female
postabdominal structures were examined in far fewer than 100 specimens. A drawing of the genitalia was made immediately
after dissection. The nomenclature for parts of the head, antennae, thorax, abdomen, legs and venation follows Scoble (1995)
and for internal features, mainly the genitalia, Sibatani et al. (1954) and Klots (1970). The terminology of the external and
internal features at generic level is in accordance with Janse (1925).

“Southern Africa”, as treated in this paper, includes the entire areas of Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho and
Swaziland based on Goldblatt (1978). The geographical names follow Giess (1971), Sayer et al. (1992), White et. al. (2001),
and Mucina & Rutherford (2006).

The comparison of the diversity and distribution patterns of Metarbelidae species with habitats can be best examined based

on White’s (1983) detailed work which describes the vegetation types of Africa, discerning eighteen phytogeographical

regions and transition zones (phytochoria) based on richness of their endemic floras at the species level. For practical reasons,
Van Wyk & Smith (2001) extended the border of White’s Tongaland-Pondoland region, e.g., westwards to include those
parts of the Afromontane Region lying below the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg (below 1800 m) in KwaZulu-Natal and the
northern parts of the Eastern Cape. Some of White’s transition zones, in regard to southern Africa, have obscured their status
as a centre of endemism in its own right. These centres of endemism were treated separately by Van Wyk & Smith (2001).
For example, Van Wyk & Smith’s “Maputaland-Pondoland Region” is roughly congruent with the “Tongaland-Pondoland
regional mosaic” of White. The Maputaland Centre, as part of the Maputaland-Pondoland Region, is acknowledged as one of
the important centres of plant endemism. Due to these changes, White’s as well as Van Wyk & Smith’s biogeographical
approaches were mentioned in this paper. The very detailed vegetation units that are presented here for South Africa follow
Mucina & Rutherford (2006). These vegetation units are based on recent biome classifications which show a fair

correspondence to White’s (1983) phytochoria.

TAXONOMIC REVIEW

Arbelodes Karsch, 1896
Type species: Arbelodes_meridialis Karsch, 1896

Diagnosis: Arbelodes has the typical characters that define the Metarbelidae. These were summarized by Lehmann (2008a)

and are therefore not repeated here. Karsch (1896) separated the genera Arbelodes and Metarbela due to one difference,
namely that the base of vein Sc+R, crosses the base of the upper median of the cell (character 8 below). He described an
“anastomosis of vein C for a short distance with the upper median” (translated from German to English). Seven characters
(numbered 1-7) were found by the author that are diagnostic for Arbelodes when compared to other genera of the
Metarbelidae:

1) Valvae with a broad base and two or three narrow lobes, usually of different length; the dorsal lobe is very long,
stick-like, extending to near tip of uncus, tip rounded; shortest lobe thorn-like.

2) A broad structure sometimes occurs below the base of the dorsal lobe, probably a valval apodeme, which when
viewed laterally, has a rounded tip. Behind the broad structure is often a large plate, which when viewed ventrally,
is almost rectangular in shape.

3) The aedeagus is long and simple, tube-like.

4) Abdominal segment 9 in the female has very short, sometimes extremely small and probably rudimentary, anterior
apophyses.

5) The posterior apophyses have a very broad and elongated shape; their size is usually extremely large.

6) The male antennae are very long, at least half the length of the forewing (antenna-wing ratio of at least 0.50:1). The
long, narrow branches are densely scaled dorsally and have at least five times the width of the shaft; shaft always
densely scaled.

7) Inthe forewing, the end of the upper half of the cell is always open in both sexes.

8) In the hindwing, the base of vein Sc+R, always crosses the base of the upper median of the cell in both sexes.

Defining characters of Arbelodes (apomorphies):
1) Inthe forewing, the end of the upper half of the cell is always open in both sexes.
2) In the hindwing, the base of vein Sc+R, always crosses the base of the upper median of the cell in both sexes.
3) The male antennae are very long, at least half the length of the forewing (antenna-wing ratio of at least 0.50:1),
with long branches, never club-like in shape, at least five times the width of the shaft.
4) The valvae comprise two or three, long and narrow lobes.
5) In the postabdominal structure of the female the anterior apophyses are very short or rudimentary; less than 60% of

the length of the posterior apophyses. The latter are very broad and large.

Description

Adult: Head often small, rough-scaled, a pair of small pits on the lower part of frontoclypeus is absent, but a pair of large,
deep, oval-shaped pits occurs behind the labial palpi; male antennae bipectinate, female antennae unipectinate (based only on
the currently known females), flagellum and dorsal side of branches are densely scaled (the scales on the short branches are
absent in some females). The thorax often has a collar ring and is very hairy. Abdomen with dense hairs, abdominal tuft
present, long and often resembling a swallow-tail. Femora, tibiae and tarsi are covered with dense, long hairs; tarsi often
densely scaled. Hindlegs are with two pairs of narrow tibial spurs in both sexes which are long (at least 0.9 mm). The whole
underside of fore- and hindwing are rough-scaled in both sexes. Frenulum absent. An outstanding feature of several species is
a geometric design (= triangular-like and/or rectangular-like patches, a T-like and/or leaf-like pattern), sometimes colourful,
on the forewing upperside of the male (e.g., A. albitorquata; A. deprinsi spec. nov.; A. shimonii spec. nov.), combined with
a strong, silvery, pure white or vinaceous gloss (a strong silvery glint is extremely rare among the Metarbelidae). Noteworthy
is also a geometric design on the hindwing upperside in the male of A. albitorquata (large triangles along the termen). Very
rare colours among the Metarbelidae are orange-buff and orange-yellow. Both colours occur in A. flavicolor (a broad black
band along the termen which is suddenly separated by light orange-yellow on the hindwing), and in A. mondeensis spec. nov.
(orange-buff spots on the forewing upperside).

Male genitalia: Saccus long, rudimentary or absent; uncus broad, very long or short, triangular-shaped with a broader base;
always bifid. The valvae comprise two or three lobes, of which the dorsal lobe is usually the longest. A prominent short
structure, probably a valval apodeme, is present near the base of the dorsal lobe in some species. It often occurs with a large,
broad plate below the anus. Juxta elongated; at the upper end with two acuminate lobes and an emargination. Aedeagus
simple, narrow and almost as long as the width of the dorsal lobe of the valva, sometimes short and broad, at the ends
rounded or with a swallow-tail distally; vesica without cornuti.

Note: A damaged and very faded male (ex MWM, gen. no. 25/062010 I. Lehmann) of an unknown species from north-central
Namibia (Waterberg Plateau) has a similar genitalia to A. griseata Janse (1925), but was excluded here since two
apomorphies are absent: Firstly because Sc+R, does not cross the base of the upper median of the cell, but comes out at half
the upper median; secondly, the antenna-wing ratio is of only 0.42:1. If further specimens are found with the same characters,
this new species most probably represents a new genus.

Female postabdominal structure: segment 9 has never a wave-like dorsal surface. Along the posterior edge of segment 9
long setae are scattered from the top to the ventral part or only at the ventral part, where they become denser. The posterior
apophyses are very large and broad, but the anterior apophyses are narrow, very short and sometimes rudimentary. This
feature is absent in all other known genera. Papillae anales obliquely 8-shaped, densely covered with long and short setae.
Composition: at present, there are 22 known species of Arbelodes including the type species. Thirteen new species are
described here, and six species, namely Teragra sticticosta Hampson (1910), Metarbela albitorquata Hampson (1910), M.
flavicolor Janse (1925), M. griseata Janse (1925), M. iridescens Janse (1925) and M. heringi Janse (1930), have been
transferred from the genera Teragra Walker (1855) and Metarbela Holland (1893) into the genus Arbelodes because they
have the defining characters mentioned above.

Ecology: The genus Arbelodes is linked to a warm temperate and/or subtropical southern African forest, woodland and
thicket flora with a succulent component. Only a few species have been recorded from lowland areas in South Africa (e.g.,
Durban, Kleinemonde and Port Elizabeth). Hence, it is predominantly a genus of submontane and montane zones, mainly
located in the Afromontane Region sensu White (1983). A strong link has been found to the following vegetation types:
Firstly, the southern African temperate forests, related to Afromontane types, in which the genus Podocarpus and other non-
woody legume genera are dominant. Secondly, floristically rich semi-arid to subhumid southern African subtropical thickets
and/or shrublands with succulent components, often embedded in a grassland matrix. Thirdly, karroid grasslands and to the
flora of the Succulent Karoo. To a minor extent the Arbelodes species occur in submontane and montane zones with the
following vegetation types: Firstly, wetter or drier, legume-dominated woodlands, including tropical miombo genera, but also
chipya with relicts of evergreen forests. Secondly, subtropical, higher-lying savanna-grasslands. Thirdly, forest relicts

dominated by Juniperus procera Hochst. & Endl., which represents a northern temperate element.

Distribution: Centred on southern Africa, comprising the countries South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana and
Namibia. The majority of the species are endemic in particular to central and southern Namibia, or to South Africa, with
highest diversities in the Cape Floristic Region as well as on the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg. The distribution extends
from around Windhoek in the northwest further south to Cape Town, and from there further northeast, via mountainous areas,
to the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg. Lower-lying habitats, often in a submontane zone, belong to the provinces Western
Cape, Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, Gauteng and Limpopo. Only a few records exist from the Indian Ocean coastline (Durban,
Kleinemonde and Port Elizabeth). The genus occurs certainly in the Lesotho Highlands and in the western half of Swaziland.
A minor and patchy distribution has been found north of the Limpopo River, namely in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe,
and on higher-lying areas of northern Malawi, including a disjunct distribution centred on plateau areas of eastern Zambia.
Mbala (formerly called Abercorn) is the northernmost distribution limit of the genus Arbelodes at present. The genus is

unknown on the Arabian Peninsula and on Madagascar.

REVIEW OF SPECIES

1. Type species: Arbelodes meridialis Karsch
Plate 1, figures 1, 2; figures la, b; 2a, b

Original combination: Arbelodes meridialis Karsch, 1896

Synonyms: Arbelodes meridionalis Karsch, 1896, in von Dalla Torre & Strand (1923)

Material examined:

Holotype male, South Africa (= S.A.), Cape, no locality, no date, S. Bachmann leg., ex ZMHB (deposited in ZMHB).

Female, S.A., Natal, no locality and no date, ? G. Mssu. leg., ex ZMHB, genitalia slide number 20/012010 I. Lehmann
(deposited in the ZMHB); female, S.A., Orange Free State, Oranjekrag, H.F. Verwoerd Dam, 9.-17.January.1969, Snyman &
Snydom leg., ex TMSA, genitalia slide number 16/032010 I. Lehmann (deposited in TMSA); male, S.A., Eastern Cape,
Grahamstown, no date, ? Renzel leg., ex BMNH, Joicey collection, B.M. 1925-175, abdomen missing, (deposited in the
BMNH); male, S.A., Eastern Cape, Steynsburg, 13.-27.March.1965, R.J. Southy leg., ex TMSA, genitalia slide number
22/022010 I. Lehmann (deposited in the TMSA).

Description of the male (ex Steynsburg)

Forewing length 12.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.50:1.

Head: rough-scaled, light yellowish olive hairs with smoke grey tips around eyes and base of antennae, eyes ecru-olive with
small black spots; antennae long, bipectinate, flagellum with smoke grey scales, branches of antennae six times width of
shaft, narrow, covered with smoke grey scales dorsally, branches not bent towards tip of antenna, covered with hairs in pairs
ventrally up to the base of branch, distance between branches one time width of branch; labial palpi short, less than half
diameter of eye and covered with light yellowish olive scales which have tips of light brownish olive. Thorax: patagia and
tegulae light yellowish olive, scales with light brownish olive tips; a small crest of light yellowish olive mixed with pure
white scales on metathorax. Abdomen: mainly colonial buff with ivory yellow hairs. Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi are
densely covered with long colonial buff hairs; two pairs of tibial spurs present on hindlegs, narrow, 1.2 mm long, inner spur
shorter, the lower pair 1.0 mm long, overlapping the first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside with light yellowish olive ground-
colour; spots of light brownish olive on a drab-grey ground-colour at the costal margin; a prominent postmedial band of light
brownish olive with longer and shorter striae; below 1A+2A three larger and three smaller pure white patches edged light
brownish olive; cilia 1.1 mm long, alternating pure white and light yellowish olive. Underside rough-scaled, ecru-olive.
Venation: cell less than half length of the wing, 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete, CuA, from almost two thirds of lower
median, CuA, M; and M, separated from lower angle, M, from upper angle, which is open towards termen; R;3 from upper
angle of areole; Rs+R, on a short stalk from upper angle of areole; R from top of areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or
less parallel to R,; areole protruding slightly from upper angle; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter

than upper one, veinlet in cell present but towards base obsolete. Hindwing: upperside with buffy olive ground-colour; cilia

and underside as in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell less than half length of the wing; 3A and 1A+2A present, CuP
absent; CuA, as in forewing; CuA,;, M; and Mp) from lower angle, separated; M; and Rs are on a long stalk and arise from
upper angle; no bar to Sc+R,; base of Sc+R; crossing base of the upper median of the cell; discocellular angled inwardly,
lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present but towards base obsolete. Genitalia: saccus broad, long,
one third of width of valva, rounded towards tip; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm broad ring with a ring-like
structure, which is not open at centre, at base behind the valvae; valvae broad at base, two lobes present, lower lobe thorn-like
and one-third the length of upper lobe which is stick-like with a rounded tip, covered with setae on the ventral side; costa
without setae, the tip acuminate; sacculus narrow; uncus broad with a serrate edge and a broader base, bifid, tip rounded,
setae present; below the base of the uncus on either side a few setae. A prominent large, broad plate above anus. Aedeagus

simple, slightly longer than dorsal lobe of valva, with two ends resembling a swallow-tail; vesica without cornuti.

Description of the female (ex Natal, locality unknown)
Forewing length 12.5 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.36:1.
Head: rough-scaled, colonial buff scales with warm sepia tips around eyes and base of antennae, eyes wood brown with
black patches; antennae short, colonial buff, unipectinate, branches of antennae two times width of shaft, covered with minute
hairs on all sides, hairs shorter than width of branch, tip of branch bifid, rounded towards tip, branches without scales, but
flagellum with colonial buff scales; labial palpi colonial buff, half of eye diameter. Thorax: patagia with scales of colonial
buff, towards tips warm sepia, and a white collar ring, tegulae colonial buff mixed with pure white scales; a small colonial
buff coloured crest on metathorax. Abdomen: largely colonial buff. Legs: femora and tibiae with long colonial buff hairs,
tarsi with colonial buff scales; two pairs of tibial spurs present on hindlegs, 1.2 mm long, inner spur shorter, the lower pair
thicker, 1.0 mm long, overlapping the first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside faded with an ecru-olive ground-colour; striae of
light brownish olive along the costal margin; a broad “C-shaped” patch of chamois edged light brownish olive near base of
wing; below the end of CuA, a large pure white patch towards the dorsum; a broad light brownish olive subterminal band
from costa to the centre of CuAj; cilia ecru-olive mixed with scales that have light brownish olive tips. Underside colonial
buff, rough-scaled. Venation: cell almost half length of the wing. Vein 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one
third of lower median; CuA, _CuA, and M3; separated from lower angle; upper angle open towards termen, M, from upper
angle; R3 from upper angle of areole; R5+R, on a short stalk from areole; R, from top of areole, R, from upper angle; Sc more
or less parallel to Rj; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly longer than upper one, veinlet in cell present.
Hindwing: upperside faded, probably ecru-olive, with a broad buffy olive band along termen; cilia and underside like in
forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell less than half length of the wing; 3A and 1A+2A present, CuP obsolete; CuA, like
in forewing; CuA, M; and M, from lower angle, separated; M, and Rs on a stalk and emerging from upper angle; no bar to
Sc+R,; the base of Sc+R, is crossing the base of upper median of cell; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle slightly
longer than lower angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: abdominal segment 9 broad with a long and wide gap on the
ventral side, this gap extends towards near base of anterior apophyses; along the posterior edge of segment 9 are very long
setae from top to the ventral part where the setae become denser; posterior apophyses broad and one third longer than anterior
apophyses; papillae anales broad, elliptic, obliquely 8-shaped towards top, covered with long and short setae, some parts
without setae.
Diagnosis: Arbelodes meridialis is closely related to A. sticticosta Hampson (1910), on account of four common features
(numbered 1, 2, 4, 5), while three features are unique to A. meridialis (numbered 3, 6, 7).

1) The saccus of A. meridialis is long and broad, one third of width of lower lobe, only longer in A. sticticosta.

2) The aedeagus is one of the longest in the genus Arbelodes, almost equal to the length from the end of saccus to the

tip of the lower lobe, but narrow on its whole length. One end resembles a swallow-tail. The aedeagus is similar in
shape, but much broader in A. sticticosta.

3) A peculiar feature in A. meridialis is the serrate edge of the broad uncus (viewed ventrally).

4) The antenna-wing ratio of the male antennae is in both species 0.50:1. A characteristic feature is that the branches
are not strongly bent towards the tip of antenna like in other Arbelodes species, instead, the branches are almost
vertical in A. meridialis and A. sticticosta.

5) A pair of small pits on the lower part of frontoclypeus is absent, but a pair of large and deep pits occurs behind the
labial palpi in both species.

6) The female of A. meridialis has a prominent S-shaped anterior apophyses. This feature is absent in other currently
known females.

7) The gap in segment 9, below the base of the anterior apophyses, is very long (like in other species), but narrow.

Habitat (examples): Steynsburg (Eastern Cape Province) is a small town ca. 90 km east of Middelburg. The flora of the
Eastern Cape is a mixture of endemic, Sudano-Zambezian, Karoo-Namib, Afromontane, Tongaland-Pondoland and Cape
species (Werger & Coetzee, 1978). Steynsburg (altitude 1464 m; average annual rainfall 350-450 mm; frosty winters are
common) is located in the ““Kalahari-Highveld regional transition zone” sensu White (1983), which is essentially grassland
with a minor woody element mainly of Zambezian species, e.g., Acacia. Only few endemics occur. Van Wyk & Smith
(2001) excluded Steynsburg from the “Albany Centre” of plant endemism (cf. the pioneering study of Weimarck, 1941). It
begins ca. 20 km further south. Hence, Steynsburg lies also just outside of the “Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot”
(Steenkamp et al., 2004) which is a subtropical forest zone with many tropical forest elements and substantial temperate
forest elements related to Afromontane forest. North of Steynsburg is a small area of “Karoo Escarpment Grassland”
characterized by a few tall shrubs of Rhus lucida L. and Diospyros austro-africana De Winter. The vegetation type around
Steynsburg is predominently “Eastern Upper Karoo” which is dominated by dwarf microphyllous shrubs, with “white
grasses of the genera Aristida and Eragrostis, both suggest a dry grassland. Due to this grass cover, the occurrence of
“southern African subtropical thicket vegetation” can be excluded (cf. Cowling et al., 2005). Important woody taxa of the
“Eastern Upper Karoo” include tall shrubs like Lycium cinereum Thunb., ©. horridum Thunb., and L. oxycarpum Dunal; low
shrubs include Eriocephalus ericoides (L.f.) Druce, E. spinescens Burch. and endemics like Selago persimilis Hilliard and
Aspalathus acicularis E. Mey. (Mucina et al., 2006). Aspalathus is the largest genus among the Leguminosae in the Cape
Region (Goldblatt, 1978). The descriptions above show a transitional character of the vegetation around Steynsburg.
Grahamstown (Eastern Cape Province) is located ca. 45 km north from the coastline of the Indian Ocean and between an
exclave of the “Cape regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983) to the east, north, west and to the “Tongaland-
Pondoland regional mosaic” to the south. Grahamstown (altitude 539 m; average annual rainfall 697 mm) is surrounded by
dissected hills and low mountains. Especially to the southwest occurs “Bhisho Thornveld” which is an open savanna
characterized by small trees of Acacia natalitia E. Mey. and the tall shrub Tephrosia capensis. (Jacq.) Pers. The diversity of
woody species increases under conditions of overgrazing (Rutherford et al., 2006). Another vegetation type around
Grahamstown is “Suurberg Shale Fynbos”. It is largely an ericoid shrubland that includes species of the “Cape thickets”.
Important species are tall shrubs, e.g., Aspalathus setacea Eckl. & Zeyh., Protea lorifolia (Salisb.) Fourc., Diospyros
dichrophylla (Gand.) De Winter, Rhus lucida L. and low shrubs, e.g., Erica thamnoides E.G.H. Oliv. (Rebelo et al., 2006).
Southern African subtropical thicket vegetation occurs especially east of Grahamstown in a mosaic with grassland. Thicket
elements include Cussonia spicata Thunb., Diospyros dichrophylla (Gand.) De Winter and Rhus pallens Eckl. & Zeyh.
Fynbos elements of Erica maesta Bolus occur among the grassland (Cowling et al., 2005).

Oranjekrag (today Gariep; Orange Free State) is located very close to the border of the Eastern Cape Province and is part of
the “Kalahari-Highveld regional transition zone” sensu White (1983). The village Gariep (altitude 1231 m; average annual
rainfall 441 mm at Bethulie, 40 km further east) is located east of Colesberg, ca. 5 km north from the Orange River, and at
the Gariep Dam. This is the largest dam of South Africa, which was until October 1996 named for Hendrik Frensch
Verwoerd. Gariep was established to facilitate the construction of the dam (opening in 1971). North and west of Gariep
occurs “Xharieb Karroid Grassland” which is characterized by an open grassland intermingled with patches of dwarf karroid
shrubs. Tall shrubs belong to Rhus ciliata Licht., low shrubs include for example Lycium cinereum Thunb. and Chrysocoma

ciliata L. Southwest and south of Gariep occurs “Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland” which is dominated by small trees of

Cussonia paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh. and Ziziphus mucronata Willd., as well as grasses. Tall shrubs include Diospyros austro-
africana De Winter, Olea europaea L. ssp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green, Rhus ciliata Licht., and Buddleja saligna Willd. In
consequence of the building of the dam, this vegetation type in particular has been lost in some areas (Mucina et al., 2006).
One female specimen was collected in Natal (locality unknown). This is of interest here, since a similar shrubland type of the
“Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland”, namely the “Basotho Montane Shrubland” sensu Mucina et al. (2006), occurs in
KwaZulu-Natal on the Drakensberg foothills, and hence, this area is a potential habitat of A. meridialis.

Ecology: A. meridialis has specific habitat requirements. It occurs in temperate and subtropical grasslands which form a
mosaic with woody species, indicating a higher moisture input, and which are located in submontane or montane zones. A
characteristic feature are complex and transitional woody shrubland and/or thicket types which are linked to the Cape thickets
(“Suurberg Shale Fynbos”); to the Nama-Karoo Grasslands (e.g., “Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland”); possibly to the
Drakensberg grasslands (“Basotho Montane Shrubland”) and to the Albany thickets (“Groot Thicket”). A. meridialis is not
linked to grasses, but to woody shrublands. and/or thickets, the latter include mainly species that developed during the
Eocene.

Distribution: A. meridialis is currently known only from southeastern South Africa, namely from the Orange Free State,
Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. It will preliminarily classified as endemic to woody shrubland and thicket types
occurring in these areas. Its distribution appears to be patchy and covers habitats that belong to various phytochoria, namely
to the “Kalahari-Highveld regional transition zone”, the “Cape regional centre of endemism”, the “Tongaland-Pondoland
regional mosaic” and perhaps also to the “Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism”. Janse (1925)
mentioned only the type locality and hence, had not seen the species in the field. One specimen in the TMSA was collected
in Aliwal North (Eastern Cape Province), which is ca. 110 km west from the border of Lesotho, indicating that A. meridialis
might occur also in the Lesotho Highlands. Another specimen from the TMSA was recorded near or in Port Elizabeth
(Eastern Cape Province), showing that it extends into lowland areas close to the Indian Ocean within the “Albany Centre”

(Van Wyk & Smith, 2001).

2. Description of the remaining species
The description of the following 20 species has not been arranged in alphabetical order, rather according to pairs of more

closely related species. Firstly, A. sticticosta (Hampson, 1910) with relations to A. meridialis; secondly, A. flavicolor (Janse,
1925); thirdly, A. deprinsi spec. nov. with relations to A. albitorquata (Hampson, 1910); fourthly, the pair A. collaris
Aurivillius (1921) and A. prochesi spec. nov.; fifthly, the groups: A. sebelensis spec. nov., A. claudiae spec. nov. and A.
griseata (Janse, 1925); A. mondeensis spec. nov.; A. iridescens (Janse, 1925) with relations to A. haberlandorum spec. nov.;
A. shimonii spec. nov. with relations to A. dicksoni spec. nov.; A. varii spec. nov. and A. franziskae spec. nov; A agassizi
spec. nov., A. kruegeri spec. nov., A. heringi (Janse, 1930) and A. dupreezi spec. nov.

The description of Arbelodes kroonae Lehmann (2007) from southern Namibia is not repeated here, but the paratype is

figured on plate 5, figure 25. No further specimens of this species have been recorded among museum material.

Arbelodes sticticosta (Hampson, 1910), comb. nov.
Plate 1, figure 3; figures 3 a, b
Original combination: Teragra sticticosta Hampson, 1910
Synonyms: Metarbela sticticosta (Hampson, 1910), in Janse (1925)

Metarbelodes sticticosta (Hampson, 1910), in Vari et al. (2002).
Holotype: male, S.A., KwaZulu-Natal, Richmond, January.1905, Nicholson leg., deposited in BMNH (B.M. 1906-268).
Material examined: male, S.A., KwaZulu-Natal, Balgowan, 17.December.1951, K.M. Pennington leg., ex NMK, genitalia
slide number 24/022010 I. Lehmann (deposited in NMK); male, S.A., Eastern Cape, St. Cuthberts, 06.December.1948, E.M.
Gibson leg., ex BMNH, genitalia broken, genitalia slide number 15/022010 I. Lehmann (deposited in BMNH, genitalia slide
number BMNH COSS 416).

Description of the male (ex Balgowan)

Forewing length 15.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.50:1.

Head: rough-scaled, deep olive-buff hairs with a glint shine around eyes and base of antennae, eyes wood brown with small
black patches; antennae pale olive-buff, bipectinate, branches of antennae six times width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs
in pairs on the whole length of branch and projecting inwards, tip of branch rounded with two thorn-like scales on top, only
slightly bent towards tip of antenna, branches and flagellum with pale olive-buff scales; labial palpi thick, as long as diameter
of eye and covered with deep olive-buff hairs which turn sepia towards tip. Thorax: patagia deep olive-buff with a faded
collar-ring of pale olive-buff and a glint shine; tegulae deep olive-buff, glossy; a small crest of deep olive-buff with tips of
sepia on metathorax. Abdomen: mainly deep olive-buff, mixed with colonial buff hairs. Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi
densely covered with long hairs of pale olive-buff, colonial buff at base; two pairs of tibial spurs present on hindlegs, upper
pair narrow, 1.3 mm long, the lower pair with thick spurs, same length, overlapping the first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside
glossy, pale olive-buff, lunulated dots of deep olive-buff along the termen at the end of all veins; a dark olive-buff
subterminal line, interrupted by the veins, and almost straight from near apex, only slightly bent towards tornus; postmedial
band Natal brown, triangular at centre; spots along the costal margin of the same colour; a large rectangular patch of Natal
brown below CuA,, edged ivory-yellow and by a large white patch towards tornus; cilia 1.1 mm long, alternating deep olive-
buff and white. Underside largely rough-scaled, glossy, deep olive-buff. Venation: cell more than half length of the wing;
1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3;
veins M3 and M) separated from lower angle; M, from upper angle; R; from top of areole; R;+R, on a long stalk from top of
areole; R from areole; R; from upper median; Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open
towards termen, lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete. Hindwing: upperside glossy, deep olive-
buff; cilia like in forewing. Underside glossy, deep olive-buff; frenulum absent. Venration: cell less than half length of the
wing; 3A present, 1A+2A forked at base, CuP absent; CuA, as in forewing; CuA,, M; and M) from lower angle, separated;
M, and Rs stalked and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+Rj, the latter crosses the base of the upper median;
discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present, a second, but obsolescent
veinlet above. Genitalia: saccus very long, more than half width of lower lobe, rounded at tip (viewed ventrally); tegumen
and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring which is very broad; a short appendage below saccus; valvae broad at base with two
lobes, upper lobe long, narrow towards tip, which is rounded and covered with setae dorso-distally and ventrally; costa
without setae, tip elongated, acuminate; lower lobe thorn-like, tip truncate with a skin-like appendage at inner side; in
between these two lobes a short, broad and rounded structure, probably a valval apodeme; sacculus narrow; uncus with a
broad base, with scattered setae from below the base on each side towards tegumen, uncus bifid, tips acuminate, with a few
setae at tip. Aedeagus simple, very long, almost from end of saccus to tip of lower lobe, rounded basally, resembling a
swallow-tail distally, with a deep emargination; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. sticticosta has been transferred from the genus Teragra Walker (1855) to Arbelodes since it has the defining
characters (apomorphies) of the latter genus. It is remarkable that both genera have a similar distribution, which is centred in
southern Africa, but with Teragra extending far into tropical regions, e.g., Kenya and Uganda. Morphological differences:
the male antennae of the genus Teragra is characterized by short branches which are always club-like in shape (viewed
ventrally or dorsally); all veins are very strong and the male genitalia has a beak-like uncus, whole shaped valvae, and a very
narrow vinculum. These examples suggest, that both genera have to be treated separately and that sticticosta does not belong
to the genus Teragra. The male of A. sticticosta has by far the longest saccus in the genus Arbelodes. This character of A.
sticticosta resembles the saccus of the genus Metarbela Holland (1893), but the differences are stronger. For example, A.
Ssticticosta cannot be included into Metarbela since the male genitalia of the latter genus never has lobes, or lobe-like valvae,
and never a valval apodeme. Since Vari et al. (2002) treated sticticosta as a species of the genus Metarbelodes Strand (1909),
it has to be stated here, that it is not related to this genus, which has, for example, very distinct male genitalia, namely an
elongated, very large, bat-eared uncus, a hand-shaped scaphium below the anus and an extremely narrow tegumen and
vinculum.

The closest related species of A. sticticosta is A. meridialis (cf. diagnosis above).

Habitat (examples): Firstly, Balgowan, ca. 10 km northwest from Howick (1121 m; 750-835 mm average rainfall) is located
in the KwaZulu-Natal Province, ca. 25 km southeast of the small town Nottingham Road and belongs to the “Afromontane
archipelago-like regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983). Van Wyk & Smith (2001) included those areas of the
Afromontane Region which are located below 1800 m, like Balgowan, into the “Maputaland-Pondoland Region”, which is
an artificial rather than a natural unit. It is worth noting that this floristic region is the second-richest in endemics and near-
endemics in southern Africa, including a high number of Leguminosae (90 species). Balgowan was included into the
“Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot” by Steenkamp et al. (2004). It is surrounded by an hilly landscape mainly
associated with a discontinuous east-facing scarp formed by dolerite intrusions. The whole area belongs to the “Midlands
Mistbelt Grassland” sensu Mucina et al. (2006), but only few patches of the original species-rich grassland remain. This
grassland type includes extensive and smaller patches of “Southern Mistbelt Forest” sensu Mucina & Geldenhuys (2006).
The latter are of importance here, since A. sticticosta is dependent on woody species and not on grasses. The forests are tall
(15- 20 m) or have the character of a scrub forest. Important tree species include Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br., Celtis
africana Burm. f., Olea capensis L. ssp. macrocarpa (C.H. Wright) I. Verd., Podocarpus henkelii Stapf, P. latifolius
(Thunb.) R.Br. and Cassipourea flanaganii (Schinz) Alston. Two large forest patches near Nottingham Road, extending
towards Balgowan, were mapped and described by Fourcade (1889), who mentioned that Ptaeroxylon utile Eckl. & Zeyh., a
synonym of P. obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk., was “abundant” in these two forests, but they were heavily cut for firewood in the
1880’s. Other common tree species include Celtis africana Burm. f., Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R. Br., P. elongatus
(Aiton) L’ Herit. and Scolopia mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb. Lawes et al. (2005) classified the Afrotemperate forests of the
“Balgowan complex” (forest area: 130,5 km’, occurring between 1000-1500 m; mean annual rainfall 1600 mm) as “Eastern
Mistbelt Forest”, a subgroup of the “Southern Mistbelt Forest”. The Balgowan forests comprise few large patches (> 300
ha), but many small ones today (0,1-10 ha), which exist in their size at least since 1944. Hence, they are embedded in a stable
and natural grassland matrix, since this matrix is older than 200 years. Dominant canopy tree species are those mentioned by
Fourcade (1889), but additionally, Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill., Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb., Vepris lanceolata
(Lam.) G. Don and Kiggelaria africana L. were cited by Lawes et al. (2005). Important sub-canopy trees include, e.g.,
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f., Diospyros whyteana F. White and Cryptocarya woodii Eng.

Ken Pennington, who collected one of the specimens, probably at his home in Balgowan, lived on a small holding on the
edge of a forested gulley, but higher up the slopes was a larger patch of indigenous forest. It was actually rather a mosaic of
residual forested patches, with more extensive exotic pine plantations in the vicinity. The extensive Karkloof Forests are to
the northeast, and are of the same type as the Balgowan forests. The former are protected and collecting there today is
prohibited (D. Kroon, pers. comm.).

Secondly, Richmond (KwaZulu-Natal Province) is located ca. 45 km southeast of Balgowan and ca. 25 km south of
Pietermaritzburg (721 m; 695 mm average rainfall). It is part of the “Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot” which
corresponds broadly to the delimitation of the “Tongaland-Pondoland regional mosaic” sensu White (1983). The area north
of Richmond belongs to the “Midlands Mistbelt Grassland”, but more typical for its surroundings is “Ngongoni Veld”, a tall
grassland dominated by wiry Ngongoni grass (Aristida junciformis Trin. & Rupr.). Fourcade (1889) showed that Richmond is
located within large areas of “thornbush” dominated by various woody legumes. This thornbush occurs in a mosaic with the
grassland belt. Rutherford et al. (2006) stated, that wooded areas (thornveld) are found in valleys at lower altitudes and on
termitaria. Important tree species among the grassland include Acacia natalitia E. Mey., A. nilotica (L.) Willd., A. sieberiana
DC. var. woodii (Burtt Davy) Keay & Brenan, but on termitaria different species occur, e.g., Cussonia spicata Thunb.,
Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce and Ziziphus mucronata Willd.

Thirdly, St. Cuthberts is located in the Eastern Cape Province, ca. 30 km northwest from Mthatha (also called Umtata; 698
m; 654 mm average rainfall). It is, like Balgowan and Richmond, part of the “Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot”. The
surroundings of St. Cuthbert’s represent a landscape which is moderately mountainous and characterized by extensive
patches of “Southern Mistbelt Forest” sensu Mucina & Geldenhuys (2006) occurring in a mosaic with “Drakensberg

Foothill Moist Grassland” sensu Mucina et al. (2006). The forests occur especially in the much incised river gorges where

also drier woody vegetation types can be found. Among the grassland occur small trees like Encephalartos ghellinckii Lem.
as well as low woody shrubs such as Chrysocoma ciliata L. and Rhus discolor E. Mey.

Ecology: A. sticticosta will be classified as a temperate southern African forest and thicket species, which is mainly linked to
the “Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism” and less to the “Tongaland-Pondoland regional mosaic”
sensu White (1983). The latter was enlarged westwards by Van Wyk & Smith (2001) to include those parts of the
Afromontane Region lying below the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg (< 1800 m) in KwaZulu-Natal and the northern Eastern
Cape Province. A. sticticosta occurs in submontane and montane zones. It is linked to forest patches that are located among
lightly-wooded grasslands, which are typical for the southern African Afromontane flora (and are perhaps a very ancient
matrix), and which are located in areas where frequent mist provides an additional amount of moisture. The forests include
temperate southern African forest elements like Podocarpus which is linked to the Afromontane Region and less to the
Tongaland-Pondoland Region. The latter is largely a subtropical forest zone, with forests extending along the coast of the
Indian Ocean from the Eastern Cape to the extreme southern parts of coastal Mozambique, suggesting that elements of a
subtropical flora merge into the Afrotemperate forests. The subtropical coastal forests are related to the coastal forests of
eastern Africa, which include species from West- and Central African rain forests. A closely related species of A. sticticosta
that occurs in these tropical areas is not known. This fact supports the author’s opinion that A. sticticosta is a temperate
southern African element.

Distribution: A. sticticosta has a south-easterly distribution in South Africa and its range follows mainly the eastern side of
the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg. The southern limit lies currently in the northern Eastern Cape Province (St. Cuthberts),
from here A. sticticosta extends via KwaZulu-Natal to the Mpumalanga Province in the northeast. It occurs predominantly in
the “Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism” and to a lesser extant in the “Tongaland-Pondoland
regional mosaic”. Janse (1925) mentioned two other localities, namely Rietvlei (identity remains uncertain, presumptive to
be in KwaZulu-Natal, ca. 40 km northeast of Balgowan) and Waterval Onder (Mpumalanga Province). The latter is
characterized by “Lydenburg Montane Grassland” sensu Mucina et al. (ZV06) with an Afromontane flora including small
forests and thickets. A specimen in the TMSA was collected in Sabie (Mpumalanga Province), ca. 85 km further northeast of
Waterval Onder, among “Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland” sensu Mucina et al. (2006) that has a very diverse
woody shrub layer. Sabie is currently the northern limit of the distribution of A. sticticosta.

It certainly occurs in the Lesotho Highlands, since a specimen in the TMSA was collected in the mountainous Golden Gate
Highlands National Park (Orange Free State and close to Lesotho) which is characterized by “Northern Drakensberg
Highland Grassland” sensu Mucina et al. (2006) with Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh. shrublands and belts of Protea

subvestita N.E. Br.

Arbelodes flavicolor (Janse, 1925), comb. nov.

Plate 1, figure 4; figures 4 a, b

Original combination: Metarbela flavicolor Janse, 1925

Synonyms: none.

Material examined: holotype male, S.A., KwaZulu-Natal, Impetyeni Forest, January.1921, Swinny leg., ex coll. Janse,
deposited in TMSA (Type number 1116; genitalia slide number 387, Janse).

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 14.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.64:1.

Head: small, with a peculiar elongated shape resulting in some space in between eyes and base of antennae; rough-scaled,
glossy, ivory yellow below, tilleul-buff around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes black, densely edged with ivory yellow
scales; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus not seen, but a pair of large pits occurs behind the labial palpi;
antennae bipectinate, densely scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches with Saccardo’s umber, branches of antennae seven
times width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs in pairs projecting inwards, tip of branch acuminate with one thorn-like

scale, branches slightly S-shaped bent towards tip of antenna, distance between branches 1.5 times width of branch; labial

13)

palpi longer than diameter of eye and covered with ivory yellow scales. Thorax: patagia and tegulae glossy, tilleul-buff; a
small crest of light orange-yellow and tilleul-buff scales with tips of Prout’s brown on metathorax. Abdomen: colourful; light
orange-yellow dorsally, glossy and tilleul-buff ventrally. Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi densely covered with scales of tilleul-
buff, mixed with scattered hairs of ivory yellow; two pairs of tibial spurs present on hindlegs, upper pair longer, rather thick,
1.2 mm long, inner spur shorter, the lower pair 1.0 mm long, overlapping the first tarsal joint, both pairs glossy, densely
covered with ivory yellow scales. Forewing: apex rounded; upperside Saccardo’s umber with a few spots of Prout’s brown
along the costal margin and small patches of Prout’s brown along the termen; a rounded spot of Prout’s brown at the end of
cell and a streak in the centre of the upper median; Prout’s brown at base of M; and M); a line of the same colour from base
of M, to inner margin, crossing M; and CuA, at centre; near base of wing and below lower median a pure white patch edged
by two patches of Prout’s brown, below half of CuA, a clay coloured patch edged white towards base of wing; cilia short, 0.5
mm long, Saccardo’s umber. Underside rough-scaled towards base, colourful, a large light orange-yellow patch at centre,
Prout’s brown towards termen with a vinaceous gloss, costa glossy, tilleul-buff. Venation: cell half length of the wing;
1A+2A with a peculiar wave-like shape, forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half
the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3 and M) separated from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole small; R5+R,+R3 on a
long stalk from top of areole; R from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled
inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell present. Hindwing:
colourful, upperside light orange-yellow at centre, a broad band of Prout’s brown with a vinaceous gloss along termen; the
edge opposite of the abdomen with long, light orange-yellow hairs. Cilia short, 0.7 mm long, light orange-yellow. Underside
light orange-yellow at centre with the same coloured, but paler band along termen; frenulum absent. Venation: cell less than
half length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A present, CuP rudimentary; CuA, as in forewing; CuA;, M3 and M) from lower
angle, separated; M, and Rs on a long stalk and emerging from upper angle; below a very strong fold; no bar to Sc+Rj, the
latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at almost half of its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle
slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus small, rounded at tip; tegumen and vinculum
fused, forming a firm ring which is very broad on its entire length; valvae broad at base, two lobes present, upper lobe
relatively broad and not bent towards uncus, rounded at tip; lower lobe narrow, ca. half the length of upper lobe; a few long
setae in between both lobes; sacculus narrow; uncus very broad, bifid, tips acuminate, setae not seen, a few tiny setae below
the base on each side; juxta not seen. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, very long, as long as width of valva and vinculum, rounded
basally, rounded and broader distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. flavicolor has been transferred from the genus Metarbela Holland (1893) to Arbelodes (cf. diagnosis of genus).
The male is outstanding: the hindwing is one of the most colourful among the Metarbelidae and its light orange-yellow has
not been found in any other species. The small head with eyes that are edged ivory-yellow and the extremely long antennae
give this species a very elegant appearance. A closely related species is currently unknown. The male genitalia appear to be
diagnostic, however, since both lobes are probably not bent towards the uncus and no setae have been seen. In the other
species at least the upper lobe is bent towards the uncus and covered with many setae. Additionally, A. flavicolor has a small
saccus, which is either long, rudimentary or absent in the other species. Since the defining characters of Arbelodes occur,
there is currently no reason to believe, that this species represents a new genus.

Habitat: Impetyeni Forest (also known as Impetyne Forest) is located in the ““Tongaland-Pondoland regional mosaic” sensu
White (1983), but very close to White’s “Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism”, in KwaZulu-Natal
Province, ca. 20 km southwest from Harding (899 m; 1100 mm average rainfall). Van Wyk & Smith (2001) included this
area into the “Maputaland-Pondoland Region”. Much of Impetyeni Forest (mean altitude 1650 m; average annual rainfall
unknown, but > 1100 mm) is facing to the south and clothes the sides of steep gorges at the head of the basin of the
Umtamvuna River (also known as Umtanvunaz River), which has a very irregular shape. The forest comprised 752 ha in the
year 1889, when the first farms were being rapidly taken up close to its area, but probably little was destroyed until present
due to its location on steep gorges. The understorey was much destroyed by large troops of cattle that were driven into the
upper parts of the forest in winter. The two dominant tree species are Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R. Br. and Ocotea

bullata (Burch.) Baill. Other common tree species include Xylosma monospora (Harv.) Baill., Ptaeroxylon obliquum

(Thunb.) Radlk., Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC., Olinia cymosa Thunb., Olea laurifolia Lam. and Myrsine
melanophleos R.Br. Noteworthy is, that Podocarpus elongatus (Aiton) L’ Herit. has not been found (Fourcade, 1889). The
Impetyeni Forest can be classified as a “Southern Mistbelt Forest” sensu Mucina & Geldenhuys (2006) based on the two
dominant tree species mentioned above. It is certainly very rich in endemic plant species. Noteworthy is, that Ocotea bullata
(Burch.) Baill. was heavily harvested in many South African forests and hence, belongs to those forest trees that have been
locally brought to the brink of extinction.

Ecology: A. flavicolor is only known from Impetyeni Forest. Like all mistbelt forests, Impetyeni is a species-rich
Afrotemperate forest type, containing an important share of subtropical floral elements. Preliminarily, A. flavicolor is
classified as a montane and forest species that is linked to Afrotemperate forests.

Distribution: A. flavicolor is known from the type locality from where only one male specimen exists, collected almost 90
years ago, and hence, it is treated herein as a “rare” species. It is classified as endemic to Afrotemperate forests of the
“Maputaland-Pondoland Region”. Within this region, A. flavicolor most probably does not occur outside of the Eastern

Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces.

Arbelodes deprinsi spec. nov.

Plate 1, figure 5; figures 5 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, S.A., KwaZulu-Natal, Dragon Peaks Mountain Resort (= Dragon Peaks Park), 09.-
12.November.1993, Mey & Ebert leg., ex ZMHB, genitalia slide number 31/122009 I. Lehmann (deposited in the ZMHB).
Etymology: The species is named in honour of Willy De Prins (Leefdaal, Belgium) for his valuable comments on my last
publication and for his help in bringing me together with other Lepidopterists working on the Afrotropical Region via the
Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL) of which he is the Membership Secretary and editor of the newsletter. He is a
fellow of the Royal Entomological Society (London) and is the Secretary of the Flemish Entomological Society. He is a
honorary staff member of the University of Amsterdam and curates the Microlepidoptera collection in the Zoological
Museum.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 15.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.53:1.

Head: small, rough-scaled, pale olive-grey, mixed with long hairs of sepia, deep olive-grey around eyes as well as base of
antennae, eyes hair brown and wood brown at centre; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus is absent, a pair of
medium-sized, oval shaped pits occurs behind the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, densely scaled on shaft and with
scattered scales on the dorsal side of branches, scales pale olive-grey, branches of antennae eight times width of shaft,
narrow, covered with hairs in pairs projecting inwards, tip of branch acuminate, bent towards tip of antenna, distance between
branches 2.5 times width of branch; labial palpi as long as diameter of eye and covered with pale olive-grey scales, mixed
with hairs of sepia. Thorax: patagia and tegulae with pure white scales, mixed with long hairs of ivory yellow which are
sepia towards tip, a small crest of tilleul-buff scales on metathorax. Abdomen: largely olive-buff. Legs: femora and tibiae
densely covered with scales of cream-buff and mixed with hairs of pale olive-grey, tarsi glossy with scales of cream-buff;
two pairs of tibial spurs present on hindlegs, upper pair longer, narrow, 1.2 mm long, inner spur shorter, the lower pair 1.1
mm long, overlapping the first tarsal joint, both pairs glossy, densely covered with cream-buff scales. Forewing: upperside
deep olive-buff; large patches of pale olive-grey along the termen, in between and edged towards base of wing with large
olive-brown patches, some of rectangular shape; an oblique row of white rounded spots from near apex, extending on the
veins R3, Ry Rs, M, to base of M2; two pure white spots below lower median, edged olive-brown; three white spots below
CuAg, edged olive-brown; cilia long, 1.1 mm long, upper half alternating white and ecru-olive, base ecru-olive. Underside
rough-scaled towards base, mixed with hairs, buffy-olive. Venation: cell slightly less than half length of the wing; 1A+2A
forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3
and M) separated from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole elongated; R;+R4+R; on a long stalk from top of areole; Ro
from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to R;; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open towards

termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell rudimentary, a strong fold extending from upper half of

cell to near the centre of M>. Hindwing: upperside glossy, deep olive-buff. Cilia 1.1 mm long, ecru-olive. Underside like in
forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell less than half length of the wing; 3A and 1A+2A present, CuP absent; CuAg as in
forewing; CuA,, Mg and M; from lower angle, separated; M, and Rs on a long stalk and emerging from upper angle; no bar to
Sc+R}, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at almost half of its length; discocellular angled inwardly,
lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus long, rounded at tip; tegumen and
vinculum fused, forming a firm ring which is very broad on its entire length; valvae broad at base, two lobes present, upper
lobe relatively broad and bent towards uncus, rounded at tip which is covered with setae; lower lobe very broad with a deep
emargination that forms almost a third small lobe, ca. one-third the length of upper lobe, a few short setae present; sacculus
narrow; uncus very broad, bifid, tips acuminate, short setae present, a few short setae below the base on each side; juxta
broad with a deep emargination, almost C-shaped. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, very long, as long as width of upper lobe and
vinculum, rounded basally, rounded and broader distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. deprinsi spec. nov. is related to A. albitorquata (Hampson, 1910). Both species occur sympatric in the Dragon
Peaks Park. The male genitalia have several characters in common: the presence of a saccus with a rounded tip (the saccus is
longer in A. deprinsi spec. nov.); a tegumen and vinculum which form a firm ring that is very broad on its entire length; the
valvae have two lobes, the upper lobe is relatively broad and bent towards uncus, it has a rounded tip (the tip has much more
setae in A. albitorquata covering the entire length of the ventral side of the upper lobe); the lower lobe is broad with a deep
emargination that forms almost a third small lobe (thorn-like in A. albitorquata with more setae); the uncus is very broad and
bifid, tips acuminate in both species; the long and simple, tube-like aedeagus is similar in shape and length. A remarkable
common feature is the thorn-like structure near the end of the saccus (viewed laterally) which is more developed in A.
deprinsi spec. nov. The antenna-wing ratio of both species is very similar (0.53:1 and 0.52:1, respectively), but the branches
of the antennae are longer in A. deprinsi spec. nov. (eight times width of shaft) if compared to A. albitorquata (five times
width of shaft).

Habitat: Dragon Peaks Mountain Resort (altitude 1255-1300 m) is located in the KwaZulu-Natal Province, central
Drakensberg, ca. 28 km southwest from Winterton (altitude 966 m; ca. 840 mm average annual rainfall). It belongs to the
“Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983). The property of the resort is ca. 410 ha in
size and borders the uKlahlamba Drakensberg Park to the west. To the east, it is close to the “Maputaland-Pondoland
Region” as defined by Van Wyk & Smith (2001). Much of the property includes “Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland”
sensu Mucina et al. (2006) with small trees of ,e.g., Protea roupelliae Meisn. This grassland type occurs in mountainous
areas, incised by river gorges of drier vegetation types and by forest. The forests, which belong to the “Northern
Afrotemperate Forest” sensu Mucina & Geldenhuys (2006), are of interest here, since A. deprinsi spec. nov. is most probably
closely linked to them. On the property of the Dragon Peaks Mountain Resort occur two old forests of this type on south-
eastern slopes, and a third one on a southern slope. Several smaller forests, some of them might be still primary, occur as
well, but include patches that have been badly damaged by alien invasive tree species (e.g., five Eucalyptus spp.) and/or other
alien invasive plants (e.g., Solanum mauritianum Scop.) in the last decades. Dominant species in the old forests include
Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R. Br., P. henkelii Stapf (which is typical for the “Southern Mistbelt Forest”, but it
marginally occurs also in the “Northern Afrotemperate Forest”), Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br., Celtis africana Burm.
f., Olinia spec. (? O. emarginata Burtt Davy), Rhamnus prinoides LHr. and Greyia sutherlandii Hook. & Harv. Other
common trees include Halleria lucida L., as well as smaller trees as Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam., shrubs as Leucosidea
sericea Eckl. & Zeyh. and Rhus dentata Thunb. Of interest is, that some trees of Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. are very
old (between 300-600 years) which indicates ancient forest sites in this area (P. du Preez, pers. comm.). “
Ecology: A. deprinsi spec. nov. is known only from the forest-grassland mosaic of the Dragon Peaks Mountain Resort. It will
be classified as a montane and forest species, which is linked to the “Northern Afrotemperate Forest”. This is an
impoverished forest type in regard to its floristic composition, usually found as small patches at high altitudes (1300-1900
m). This group of forests is a high altitude analogue to high-latitude Afrotemperate forests of the southern and western Cape
(Mucina & Geldenhuys, 2006). The generally patchy dispersal of forests (and possibly of A. deprinsi spec. nov.) over the

large Drakensberg area is indicative of their relictual character. Hence, in areas were forests are absent today, A. deprinsi

spec. nov. might also occur as a relict in clumps of small trees and/or low shrubs, surrounded by various grassland types, to
which it became adapted.

Distribution: A. deprinsi spec. nov. is known only from the type locality, where its population is certainly small due to a
large population of ca. 5000 bats at the Drakensberg Boys Choir School (P. du Preez, pers. comm.), ca. 1 km from Dragon

Peaks Mountain Resort. A. deprinsi spec. nov. is classified as an endemic to the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg.

Arbelodes albitorquata (Hampson, 1910), comb. nov.

Plate 2, figures 6, 7; figures 6 a, b; 7 a, b

Original combination: Metarbela albitorquata Hampson, 1910

Synonyms: none.

Holotype: male, S.A., Transvaal, Pretoria, no date, H.F. Wilson leg., deposited in BMNH (8.M. 1905-317).

Material examined: female, S.A., Mpumalanga Province, Kastrol Nek, January.1922, A. Roberts & G. van Dam leg., ex
TMSA, genitalia slide number 10/042010 I. Lehmann (deposited in TMSA); female, S.A., Eastern Cape, Graaff-Reinet
District, Farm Onbedacht, 1605 m, 27.December.2002, D. Kroon leg., ex his private coll., deposited in TMSA, genitalia slide
number 20/022010 I.Lehmann; male, S.A., Gauteng Province, Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, 09.-10.November.1980, Dr D.
Kroon leg., ex BMNH, B.M. 1981-363, genitalia slide number 01/072007 I. Lehmann (deposited in BMNH, genitalia slide
number BMNH COSS 394); male, S.A., KwaZulu-Natal, Balgowan, 01.December.1950, K.M. Pennington leg., ex NMK,
genitalia slide number 27/072007 I. Lehmann (deposited in NMK); male, S.A., KwaZulu-Natal, Dragon Peaks Mountain
Resort (= Dragon Peaks Park), 09.-12.November.1993, Mey & Ebert leg., ex ZMHB, genitalia slide number 07/022010 I.
Lehmann (deposited in the ZMHB); male, S.A., KwaZulu-Natal, Coleford Nature Reserve, 1750-1900 m,
24.-29.November.1999, de Freina leg., ex MWM, genitalia slide number 31/032010 I. Lehmann (deposited in MWM); male,
S.A., Eastern Cape, Amathole Mountains, Dohne Peak, 1407 m, “mountamous grassland”, 23.November.2000, Kriiger &
Dombrowsky leg., ex TMSA, genitalia slide number 08/022010 I. Lehmann (deposited in TMSA).

Description of the male (ex Dragon Peaks Mountain Resort, Drakensberg)

Forewing length 12.5 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.52:1.

Head: rough-scaled, Isabella colour mixed with pure white hairs around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes wood brown;
a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus is absent, but a pair of small pits occurs behind the upper part of the labial
palpi; antennae bipectinate, densely scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches with Isabella colour mixed with white,
branches of antennae five times width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs in pairs projecting inwards, tip of branch
acuminate with one or two thorn-like scales, branches slightly S-shaped, do not touch each other, bent towards tip of antenna,
distance between branches 1.5 times width of branch; labial palpi thick, shorter than diameter of eye and covered with scales
of ivory yellow as well as Isabella colour. Thorax: patagia with hairs of pure white mixed with Isabella colour; a collar ring
with pure white hairs, edged towards abdomen with deep olive-buff; tegulae mixed with white and Isabella colour; a small
crest of Isabella colour on metathorax. Abdomen: largely ivory yellow mixed with Isabella colour. Legs: femora and tibiae
densely covered with hairs of ivory yellow and Isabella colour; tarsi with scales of ivory yellow; two pairs of tibial spurs
present on hindlegs, narrow, upper pair 1.0 mm long, inner spur longer, the lower pair 1.2 mm long, overlapping the first
tarsal joint, both pairs glossy, densely covered with ivory yellow scales. Forewing: upperside with Isabella colour and a
broad white postmedial as well as terminal band; costa mainly white with patches of Isabella colour; small spots of Isabella
colour in between the veins from near apex to CuA;; small, lunulate patches of the same colour along the termen; CuA,
mainly white, two large, pure white and elongated patches from CuA: to the dorsum, in between large patches of Isabella
colour; an elongated patch of the same colour in the cell, edged white towards termen; cilia long, 1.1 mm long, alternating
deep olive-buff and pure white. Underside rough-scaled, deep olive-buff. Venation: cell slightly longer than half length of
the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to
M;; veins M; and M, separated from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole small; R;+R4+R; on a stalk from top of

areole; R, from areole; R; from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to Rj; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open

towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell present. Hindwing: upperside deep olive-buff;
cilia and underside as in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell slightly less than half length of the wing; 3A present,
1A+2A present, CuP obsolete; CuA, as in forewing; CuA;, M3 and M) from lower angle, separated; M, and Rs on a stalk and
emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R,, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its
length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus
small, rounded at tip, a thorn-like structure near the end of its base (viewed laterally); tegumen and vinculum fused, forming
a firm ring which is very broad on its entire length, vinculum with two tiny thorns; valvae broad at base, two lobes present,
upper lobe relatively broad and bent towards uncus, rounded at tip, ventrally with setae on the entire length; lower lobe thorn-
like, ca. half of the length of upper lobe, very broad at base with a deep emargination that forms almost a third small lobe; a
few long setae in between both lobes, and along the S-shaped edge below the base of the lower lobe; an almost rectangular
plate behind a small valval apodeme (viewed ventrally); sacculus narrow; uncus very broad, short, bifid, tips acuminate,
covered with setae ventrally, a few setae below its base on each side; juxta broad, slightly emarginated with rounded tips.
Aedeagus simple, tube-like, very long, almost as long as width of valva and vinculum, rounded basally (slightly elongated

with a small acuminate tip when viewed ventrally), rounded and broader distally; vesica without cornuti.

Description of the female (ex Farm Onbedacht)

Forewing length 12.5 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.44:1.

Head: rough-scaled, hairs cartridge buff with black tips mixed with hairs of pure white around eyes as well as base of
antennae, eyes wood brown with small black spots; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus is absent, but a pair of
small pits occurs behind the upper part of the labial palpi; antennae filiform, densely scaled on shaft with cartridge buff and
on the dorsal side of branches with pure white, “branches” of antennae minute, 0.5 times width of shaft, hairs not seen, tip of
“branch” acuminate with one or two thorn-like scales, distance between branches 0.5 times width of branch; labial palpi
thick, shorter than diameter of eye, covered with scales of colonial buff. Thorax: patagia and tegulae with hairs of pure
white; a small crest of white hairs with tips of buffy brown on metathorax. Abdomen: largely ivory yellow mixed with pure
white. Legs: femora and tibiae densely covered with hairs of ivory yellow; tarsi with scales of colonial buff; two pairs of
tibial spurs present on hindlegs, narrow, upper pair 1.1 mm long, outer spur longer, the lower pair 1.0 mm long, overlapping
the first tarsal joint, both pairs glossy, densely covered with ivory yellow scales. Forewing: upperside buffy olive, glossy, a
broad white postmedial as well as terminal band; costa mainly white with patches of buffy olive; small spots of buffy olive at
the end of veins from near apex to CuA, along the termen; CuA, mainly white with two large, pure white, elongated patches
to inner margin, in between large patches of buffy olive; an elongated patch of the same colour in the cell, edged white
towards termen; cilia long, 1.2 mm long, alternating buffy olive and pure white. Underside rough-scaled, glossy, buffy olive.
Venation: cell slightly longer than half length of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of
lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3 and M) separated from lower angle; M, from upper
angle; areole small; R;+R4+R;3 on a stalk from top of areole; R2 from areole; R; from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to
R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in
cell present and slightly bent. Hindwing: upperside buffy olive, pure white towards base of wing; cilia and underside as in
forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell slightly less than half length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A rudimentary, CuP
present; CuA, as in forewing; CuA; M3 and M) from lower angle, separated; M, and Rs on a long stalk and emerging from
upper angle; no bar to Sc+R,, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular
angled inwardly, lower angle of same length as upper angle, veinlet in cell obsolete. Genitalia: abdominal segment 9 broad
with a short and narrow gap on the ventral side, the length of this gap is about one-fourth of the length of the whole segment;
along the posterior edge of segment 9 are long setae from top to the ventral part where the setae become not denser (note: a
few setae extend from the ventral part towards the gap in the female exKastrol Nek); posterior apophyses very broad and of
almost the same length as anterior apophyses; anterior apophyses not S-shaped, tip rounded; papillae anales broad, elliptic,

obliquely 8-shaped, covered with long and short setae, some parts without setae.

Diagnosis: A. albitorquata is closely related to A. deprinsi spec. nov. Both species occur sympatrically, e.g., in the area of the
Dragon Peaks Mountain Resort (cf habitat description above). A minor difference is, that the latter species has not the two
tiny thorns on the vinculum which were found in A. albitorquata. Only A. iridescens (Janse) has four (instead of two) similar
thorns on the tegumen, but not on the vinculum. Since major differences exist to the latter species, for example, a hole on the
dorsal surface of the uncus, a large valval apodeme and an aedeagus which is very narrow in its central part, A. iridescens is
not closely related to A. albitorquata and A. deprinsi spec. nov. The female postabdominal structure of A. albitorquata has
great differences to the other known females of A. meridialis, A. sebelensis spec. nov. and A. claudiae spec. nov. Remarkable
differences of A. albitorquata comprise the short and narrow gap on the ventral side of segment 9 (in the other three species
this gap is much larger) and the almost same length of the anterior and posterior apophyses (the latter are much longer than
the anterior apophyses in the other three species). Nevertheless, the posterior apophyses are large and broad and the anterior
apophyses are short, if compared to other genera of the Metarbelidae.

Habitat (examples): Firstly, Kastrol Nek (Mpumalanga Province) is located ca. 15 km northeast of Wakkerstroom (altitude
1729-1760 m, average annual rainfall 814 mm) and 3 km northwest of the Farm Tafelkop, where the road crosses over the

mountain from higher ground to the lower lying region beyond on the road to Piet Retief. The area belongs to the “Kalahari-
Highveld regional transition zone” sensu White (1983). Kastrol Nek is ca. 14 km away from the “Maputaland-Pondoland
Region” as defined by Van Wyk & Smith (2001). The area at an altitude of 1440-2200 m is largely characterized by
“Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland” sensu Mucina et al. (2006). This grassland type is a less obvious continuation of the
escarpment that links the southern and northern Drakensberg escarpments. It is predominantly short montane grassland, with
short forest and woody thickets occurring along steep, mainly east-facing slopes and drainage lines. Small trees as Canthium
ciliatum (Klotzsch) Kuntze and Protea subvestita N.E. Br. occur; important woody shrubs include, e.g., Leucosidea sericea
Eckl. & Zeyh. (invades grassland due to grazing mismanagement), Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam., B. auriculata Benth.,
Diospyros lycioides Desf. ssp. guerkei (Kuntze) De Winter and Rhus montana Diels. Although several endemic species of the
southern escarpment as well as northern escarpment occur, the area contains many own endemics and hence, it is under
investigation asa possible centre of endemism (Mucina et al., 2006). Towards Piet Retief, which is located northeastern of
Kastrol Nek, this grassland type borders “Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland” sensu Mucina et al. (2006) at an altitude of 920-
1500 m. Woody vegetation is characteristic on rocky outcrops. Small trees include, in addition to the ones mentioned above,
Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch. and Vangueria infausta Burch. Both grassland types contain a number of alien
species as Acacia mearnsii (Vahl) Benth., various Eucalyptus and Pinus species. Noteworthy is the occurrence of several
smaller patches of “Northern Afrotemperate Forest” sensu Mucina & Geldenhuys (2006) between 5-15 km northeast and
east of Wakkerstroom. Hence, the habitat of A. albitorquata around Kastrol Nek represents a mosaic of forests and thickets
which are embedded in two natural grassland types.

Secondly, the Farm Onbedacht (altitude up to 1800 m) is located in the Eastern Cape Province, ca. 80 km west (by road) of
the town Graaff-Reinet, and north of the small town Aberdeen, in the southwestern part of the Koudeveldberge. The Farm
Toorberg (average altitude 1300 m; average annual rainfall 500 mm) is ca. 5 km northeast from Farm Onbedacht. The area
belongs to the less-elevated parts of the “Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983)
and borders White’s “Karoo-Namib regional centre of endemism” and “Kalahari-Highveld regional transition zone”. Van
Wyk & Smith (2001) included the Sneeuberg mountain complex into the “Albany Centre” which comprises various of
White’s phytochoria. The thickets are the single most conspicuous component of the vegetation of the Albany Centre. Since
Farm Onbedacht is located in the Koudeveldberge (1900 m), which belong to the Sneeuberg mountain complex, it is part of
the Afromontane belt of southern Africa. Clark et al. (2009) treated the Sneeuberg mountain complex as an own centre of
floristic endemism, including 1195 species of which 2,8 % are endemic. It is noteworthy, that it contains the highest peaks
(2278-2504 m) in the Great Escarpment west of the Eastern Cape Drakensberg, among which the Compassberg (2504 m) is
one of the highest free-standing southern African peaks outside of the Drakensberg and the Lesotho Highlands. The climate
is, as the vegetation, transitional between the arid west and moist east. Severe droughts, high rainfall, frost as well as deep
snowfalls occur. On Farm Onbedacht, the vegetation is a mosaic that changes within a short distance. The vegetation types

include “Karoo Escarpment Grassland” (1100-1800 m) sensu Mucina et al. (2006), “Upper Karoo Hardeveld” (1000-1500
19

m) sensu Mucina et al. (2006), “Eastern Lower Karoo” (500-1100 m) sensu Mucina et al. (2006), “Camdebo Escarpment
Thicket” (570-1600 m) sensu Hoare et al. (2006) and at the middle reaches (1200-1600 m) in deeper valleys a kind of
temperate thicket (Cowling at al., 2005) characterized by, e.g., Olea europaea L. ssp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green. The latter
type of a temperate thicket occurs a few hundred meters away and below from the collecting site which was at 1605 m. The
collecting site was located among a dense, tangled thicket with many climbers and restricted grass cover near a small
mountain stream and can be characterized as “Camdebo Escarpment Thicket” sensu Hoare et al. (2006) that is largely
subtropical, but includes also temperate thicket elements. Important plant species of the “Camdebo Escarpment Thicket”
comprise climbers of Asparagus, e.g., A. asparagoides (L.) Druce, small trees of Cussonia paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh. and
Olea europaea L. ssp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green. Grass cover is largely absent. It is noteworthy, that a typical succulent,
namely Portulacaria afra (L.) Jacq., a species with a main link to the thickets of the Albany Centre, is naturally (?) absent on
Farm Onbedacht, but will be planted in the future (D. Kroon, pers. comm.).

Thirdly, the Amathole or Amatole Mountains (Eastern Cape Province) form a part of the Great Winterberg Range (2360 m)
and are located ca. 90 km northeast of Grahamstown. The Winterberg — Amatole Mountains belong to the eastern Great
Escarpment and hence, to the “Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism”sensu White (1983). It is
noteworthy, that the highest peaks of the Amatole Mountains represent remnants of the Gondwanan surface (Agnew, 1958).
Van Wyk & Smith (2001) included these mountains in the “Albany Centre”. Large areas of the Amatole Mountains are still
covered with species-rich, tall (15-20 m) “Southern Mistbelt Forest” (850-1600 m) sensu Mucina & Geldenhuys (2006),
especially on the south- and southeast-facing slopes, dominanted by Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br., Celtis africana
Burm. f., Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb., Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G. Don and Zanthoxylum davyi (1. Verd.) P.G.
Waterman. Another main vegetation type is “Amathole Mountain Grassland” (650-1500 m; average annual rainfall 670 mm)
sensu Mucina et al. (2006), with short grasses and a high diversity of forbs, especially of Asteraceae. Low shrubs include,
e.g., Anthospermum rigidum Eckl. & Zeyh., Chrysocoma ciliata L., and Erica amatolensis E.G.H. Oliv. The collecting site
falls most probably into this vegetation type. Imbedded in this grassland, especially close to the summits as well as in incised
valleys, are hundreds of patches of “Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos” (altitude ranges 1520-1660 m and 1900-
2060 m) sensu Mucina et al. (2006), with tall shrubs e.g., Melianthus villosus Bolus and small shrubs e.g., Erica ssp.
Noteworthy is also “Amathole Mistbelt Grassland” (1380-2080 m) sensu Mucina et al. (2006) on undulating slopes below
the peaks with a high diversity of Helichrysum ssp.

Fourthly, Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (11595 ha) is located in the Gauteng Province, ca. 35 km south of Johannesburg
(1753 m; average annual rainfall 713 mm) and almost borders at the town of Heidelberg in the east. The reserve includes the
Suikerbosrand Mountain Range (1545-1917 m) and is part of the “Kalahari-Highveld regional transition zone” sensu White
(1983). It is mainly comprised of five vegetation types, namely “Northern Afrotemperate Forest” (> 1450 m, remnants
restricted to mountain kloofs and low ridges) sensu Mucina & Geldenhuys (2006), “Soweto Highveld Grassland” (1420-
1760 m), “Tsakane Clay Grassland” (1480-1680 m) sensu Mucina et al. (2006), “Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld” and
“Andesite Mountain Bushveld” (1350-1800 m) sensu Rutherford et al. (2006). According to the dominant tree and shrub
species at the collecting site (see below), the latter vegetation type is of interest here. “Andesite Mountain Bushveld” is
characterized by dense, medium to tall thorny bushveld with a well-developed grass layer on hill slopes and some valleys
with undulating landscape. The collecting site was in open-kloof bush, as described by Day (1975) for the Suikerbosrand
Nature Reserve, with small trees of Acacia karroo Hayne, Celtis africana Burm. f., Protea caffra Meisn. and tall shrubs as
Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Giirke, Heteromorpha trifoliata (H.L. Wendl.) Eckl. & Zeyh., Rhus pyroides Burch. var. pyroides,
Diospyros lycioides Desf. ssp. lycioides and Rhamnus prinoides L’ Hér.

Ecology: A. albitorquata is classified as a montane species and is associated with ancient Afromontane grassland-forest or
grassland-thicket mosaics occurring in some of the highest elevation regions in southern Africa. In these regions, rainfall is
high, snow, frost and mists are common and temperatures are usually cool. Hence, A. albitorquata is a frost-tolerant species
and the long, dense hairs on body and wings as well as its largely white wing colour might support such an adaptation.
A. albitorquata has a wide ecological tolerance and occurs in Afrotemperate forests (e.g., in the Balgowan complex); in

subtropical savannas of the Central Bushveld, with a continuum between shrubs and trees with no distinct layer (e.g., around

Suikerbosrand and Pretoria at 1369 m); in subtropical southern African thickets as well as in temperate thickets (e.g., Farm
Onbedacht) and in high-altitude temperate grasslands with small shrubs. Its major link to subtropical and temperate
grasslands, thickets and forests of the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg, which represents a relict of the Gondwana continental
margin in the form of mountain ranges with scarp slopes, might point towards a very ancient adaptation to a temperate
climate.

Distribution: A. albitorquata has a narrow range and occurs primarily on the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg, including
possibly the Lesotho Highlands. Hence, it is strongly linked and probably endemic to the “Afromontane archipelago-like
regional centre of endemism” in southern Africa (Lesotho and South Africa in particular). Its occurrence in various types of
grassland in the Mesic Highveld Grassland Bioregion (e.g., Suikerbosrand) is not surprising, since this Highveld extends as
far as the northern Great Escarpment-Drakensberg (Mucina et al., 2006). Arbelodes albitorquata occurs in the northern
Drakensberg and is known from Machadodorp (Janse, 1925) that is characterized by “Lydenburg Montane Grassland” sensu
Mucina et al. (2006). It has strong links to the Afromontane flora and to the Zimbabwean Highlands. From here it extends to
areas around Kastrol Nek which link the northern and southern Drakensberg. Via the Drakensberg it occurs southwestwards
to the Amathole Mountains (eastern Great Escarpment) and further west to the Sneeuberg mountain complex. The latter is
currently the southwestern limit of its distribution on the Great Escarpment, but A. albitorquata is expected to extend slightly
further west to the Nuweveldberge (western Great Escarpment). It’s distribution in savannas of the Central Bushveld, e.g.,
around Pretoria and Suikerbosrand, suggests an extension of its range slightly westwards from the northern Drakensberg.
A record from Durban mentioned by Janse (1925) is very interesting, since it shows the occurrence of a montane species at
the coastal lowlands, indicating an historic link of a once continuous forest belt from the Drakensberg, e.g., via the Balgowan
forest complex, to the subtropical forests along the Indian Ocean coastline in the “KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt” sensu

Mucina et al. (2006).

Arbelodes collaris Aurivillius, 1921

Plate 2, figure 8; figures 8 a, b

Original combination: Arbelodes collaris Aurivillius, 1921

Synonyms: None

Holotype: S.A., Transvaal, Potgietersrus, deposited in TMSA.

Material examined: Co-Type, male, S.A., Transvaal, Potgietersrus, September.1919, G.M. Melle leg., ex NRM, genitalia
slide number 25/102009 I. Lehmann (deposited in NRM).

Description of the male (Co-Type):

Forewing length 12.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.50:1.

Head: rough-scaled, pale smoke grey around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes wood brown with small black spots; a
pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus is absent, but a pair of small pits occurs behind the central part of the labial
palpi; antennae bipectinate, densely scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches with smoke-grey; branches of antennae eight
times width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs in pairs projecting inwards, tip of branch acuminate with one or two thorn-
like scales, branches strongly bent towards tip of antenna, S-shaped, do not touch each other, the distance between the
branches is the same like the width of branch; labial palpi narrow, as long as diameter of eye and covered with pale smoke
grey scales. Thorax: patagia pale smoke grey and with a collar ring of sepia; tegulae pale smoke grey, some scales with sepia
at centre; a small crest of sepia on metathorax. Abdomen: largely ivory yellow mixed with pale smoke grey. Legs: femora
and tibiae densely covered with pale smoke grey hairs, sepia at centre; tarsi with scales of pale smoke grey; hindlegs missing.
Forewing: upperside deep olive-buff, glossy; a broad, almost triangular band of pale olive-buff from costa to the dorsum,
edged sepia, in the upper half with a small triangular patch of sepia; costa pale smoke grey with patches of sepia; a small pure
white spot below CuA,; a large sepia coloured patch, edged white towards termen, near base of wing and in between lower
median and vein 1A+2A; cilia long, 1.0 mm long, at base pale smoke grey, sepia towards tip. Underside rough-scaled

towards base of wing, deep olive-buff, glossy. Venation: cell slightly longer than half length of the wing; 1A+2A forked at

base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M; and M, from
the same point and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole protruding upper angle; R5+R4+R3 on a stalk from top of
areole; R» from areole; R; from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to Rj; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open
towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete. Hindwing: upperside deep olive-buff;
cilia deep olive-buff, 1.0 mm long, underside deep olive-buff; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half length of the
wing; 3A present, 1 A+2A present, CuP obsolete; CuA, as in forewing; CuA,, M3 and M) from lower angle, M3 and M) from
the same point; M, and Rs on a long stalk and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R,, the latter crosses the base of the
upper median of the cell at one-fourth of its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper
angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus small, rounded at tip; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring which
is broad on its entire length; valvae broad at base, two lobes present, upper lobe rather narrow and bent towards uncus,
rounded at tip with a few setae; lower lobe broad at base, thorn-like, half the length of upper lobe, basal end of the lower lobe
elongated ventrally and acuminate; a few setae in between both lobes; sacculus narrow; uncus very short, resembling the ears
of a cat’s head when viewed laterally, bifid, tips acuminate, few setae near the tips; a protruding and rounded structure (the
cat’s face) below the uncus and covered with long setae; juxta broad, emarginated with acuminate, horn-like tips. Aedeagus
simple, tube-like, short, almost as long as length of lower lobe, rounded basally, rounded and much broader distally; vesica
without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. collaris has several unique characters which do not exist in other Arbelodes: Firstly, M3; and My emerge from
the same point of the lower angle in the forewing as well as in the hindwing, but are separated in all other species. Secondly,
the uncus is currently the shortest among the Arbelodes. A similar, but slightly larger uncus with rather truncate ends (viewed
laterally) occurs in Arbelodes prochesi spec. nov. (see below). Due to this outstanding similarity of a short uncus, A. prochesi
spec. nov. is currently closest related to A. collaris. However, the uncus of the latter species with its cat-like head below
(viewed laterally) is peculiar. Thirdly, both lobes have only a few setae and the lower lobe is almost entirely without setae.
Longer setae occur in A. prochesi spec. nov. and are scattered on the entire length of the upper lobe, becoming denser near
the rounded tip and along the upper half of the lower lobe. The lower lobe is longer in A. prochesi spec. nov. (two-thirds the
length of the upper lobe), but only half the length of the upper lobe in A. collaris. The basal end of the lower lobe has an
appendage ventrally which is square-shaped and has an truncate end in A. prochesi spec. nov. This structure is entirely absent
in A. collaris where the ventral side of the base of the lower lobe forms an acuminate thorn. Another difference is the shape
of the juxta. It is broad with horn-like tips in A. collaris, but narrow with a stick-like structure at centre in A. prochesi spec.
nov.

Habitat: Mokopane (formerly Potgietersrus; altitude 1100 m; average annual rainfall 595 mm) is located in the Limpopo
Province ca. 55 km southwest of Polokwane. The area belongs to the “Zambezian regional centre of endemism” sensu White
(1983). The vegetation around Mokopane is largely characterized by “Makhado Sweet Bushveld” (altitude range 850-1200 m)
sensu Rutherford et al. (2006). This is a short and shrubby bushveld with a poorly developed grass layer. It is transitional
between the higher-lying Polokwane Plateau and the lower-lying vegetation types of the Limpopo River Valley. Important
small tree species include, e.g., Acacia erubescens Welw., A. gerrardii Benth., A. mellifera (Vahl) Benth., A. rehmanniana
Schinz as well as tall shrubs of Commiphora pyracanthoides Engl., Grewia flava DC. and Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult.
A few kilometers northeast and east of Mokopane occurs “Polokwane Plateau Bushveld” sensu Rutherford et al. (2006) at
an altitude of 1100-1500 m. The tree layer is more open, and hence, the grass layer is well-developed. Important tree species
are, e.g., Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd., A. permixta Burtt Davy, A. karroo Hayne, A. tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne, Aloe marlothii
A. Berger and Ormocarpum kirkii S. Moore. Tall shrubs of Diospyros lycioides Desf. ssp. sericea (Bernh.) De Winter and
Combretum hereroense Schinz occur. The dominant tree species around Mokopane are not typically for miombo woodlands,
where the related species of A. collaris, namely A. prochesi spec. nov., occurs.

Ecology: A. collaris is classified as a montane species. It is associated with legume-dominated woodland. Although it has
been found in vegetation comprising typical savanna components of the genera Acacia, Combretum and Commiphora in an
area where frost is fairly infrequent (in contrast to several other Arbelodes habitats), A. collaris is not classified as a savanna

species here, but as a relict of woodlands.

Distribution: A. collaris is only known from the type locality. It is not linked to the large distribution of savanna vegetation
in Africa. Hence, the pattern of A. collaris is different and represents a relict distribution that is expected to extend slightly
east (e.g., to the Waterberg) and north (e.g., to the Soutpansberg). Further records from the literature or from museum
material are not available. The following two aspects are noteworthy: Firstly, Janse (1925) did not mention A. collaris and
perhaps, has overlooked this species. This is interesting, since he was one of the leading authorities on South African moths
until he died in 1970. That he did not find it in the field during his extensive studies in South Africa might suggest, that
A. collaris is rare. Secondly, a female in the BMNH determined as A. collaris by Gaede (label: no date, ,,Grahamstown“, no

collector) does belong to another, probably undescribed, Arbelodes species.

Arbelodes prochesi spec. nov.

Plate 2, figures 9 a, b; figures 9 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, North Rhodesia, Kalomo, no date, C.W. Brames Hall leg., ex BMNH, B.M. 1928-548;
genitalia slide number 20/072007 I. Lehmann (deposited in BMNH, genitalia slide number BMNH COSS 395).

Paratype male, Vumba Mt., Umtali, South Rhodesia, October.1953, E. Pinhey leg., ex NMK, genitalia slide number
01/082007 I. Lehmann (deposited in NMK).

Etymology: the species is named in honour of Dr Serban Proches (University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban) for his valuable
comments on the botanical issues presented in this paper.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 12.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.58:1.

Head: rough-scaled, pale olive-buff around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes wood brown; a pair of small pits on lower
part of frontoclypeus is absent, but a pair of small pits occurs behind the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft
and dorsal side of branches with pale olive-buff; branches of antennae seven times width of shaft, narrow, covered with
single hairs as well as hairs in pairs projecting inwards, tip of branch acuminate with one or two thorn-like scales, branches
slightly bent towards tip of antenna, do not touch each other, distance between branches almost as width of the branch; labial
palpi narrow, as long as diameter of eye and covered with pale olive-buff scales. Thorax: patagia pale olive-buff with a
collar ring of citrine drab; tegulae pale olive-buff; a small crest of sepia on metathorax. Abdomen: largely pale olive-buff.
Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi covered with hairs alternating white and citrine drab; hindlegs with two pairs of spurs, rather
short, 0.7 mm, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: costa not straight, but slightly oblique; upperside pale olive-buff; apex
and costal margin pallid brownish drab with several streaks of olive-brown; a pure white patch in the cell, edged olive-brown
towards the dorsum; a white subterminal line edged olive-brown towards the termen; below CuA, a large patch of olive-
brown, resembling a horseshoe, edged white, extending to the dorsum; below lower median and near base of wing a large
pure white patch with two olive-brown spots, the smaller one is triangular; cilia long, 1.0 mm, pale olive-buff, some with
pure white tips. Underside rough-scaled towards base of wing, deep olive-buff, glossy; costal margin pallid brownish drab
with several streaks of olive-brown. Venation: cell slightly longer than half length of the wing; 1A+2A only weakly forked at
base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3 and M)
separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole protruding upper angle; R5+R4+R3; from top of areole, but not
stalked; R» from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open
towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell present. Hindwing: upperside pale olive-buff;
cilia like in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A present,
CuP obsolete; CuA, as in forewing; CuA; M3 and M) from lower angle, M3 and M) separated; M, and Rs on a long stalk and
emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+Rj;, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its
length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus
small, truncate at tip; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring which is broad on its entire length; valvae broad at
base, two lobes present, upper lobe narrow and bent towards uncus, rounded at tip with many short setae, scattered longer

setae along the entire length on the ventral side; lower lobe broad, broader at base, thorn-like, two-thirds the length of upper

lobe, a few setae on the ventral side; basal end of the lower lobe with an appendage that is square-shaped and has an truncate
end; sacculus narrow; uncus very short, bifid with a rounded emargination, a truncate appearance when viewed laterally, few
setae below the tips; juxta wide and narrow, not horn-like, a stick-like structure at centre. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, long,
slightly longer than length of lower lobe, rounded basally, rounded and much broader distally; vesica without cornuti.
Diagnosis: A. prochesi spec. nov. is related to A. collaris (cf. diagnosis above).

Noteworthy are three differences between the holotype (ex Kalomo) and the paratype (ex Vumba Highlands): Firstly, the
antenna-wing ratio in the paratype is 0.52:1, but in the holotype 0.58:1. Secondly, a pure white and V-shaped patch below the
lower median and near the base of the forewing in the paratype is absent in the holotype. Thirdly, a veinlet is emerging from
below the stalk of M, and Rs in the paratype. However, the wing pattern, venation and genitalia are very similar. Hence, it is
currently not justified to describe the paratype as a different and new species. This might change when more specimens from
both localities are available in the future.

Habitat: Firstly, Kalomo (altitude 1219 m; average annual rainfall 584 mm) is located on the southern plateau region of
Choma-Kalomo in the south-central part of the Southern Province of Zambia, ca. 110 km northeast of Livingstone. The area
belongs to the “Zambezian regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983). Around Kalomo, the vegetation changed in the
last 55 years and much of the area has been cultivated for tobacco or other annual crops. The natural vegetation is miombo
woodland, interspersed with dambo grassland. The miombo surrounding Kalomo is dominated by Brachystegia longifolia
Benth. (dominant species), B. spiciformis Benth., B. boehmii Taub., Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin, Albizia
antunesiana Harms, Erythrophleum africanum (Welw.) Harms, including small trees of, e.g., Bauhinia petersiana Bolle,
Diospyros lycioides Desf., D. mespiliformis A.DC., Lannea discolor (Sond.) Engl. and Diplorhynchus condylocarpon
(Muell.Arg.) Pichon. Dambo grasslands include, e.g., dwarf suffrutices, so-called “underground trees”, that evolved from
various tree species as Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. ssp. huillense (Hiern) F. White (moist dambo type) and Parinari
capensis Harv. (drier dambo type). Mopane woodland, sometimes dominated exclusively by Colophospermum mopane
(Benth.) J.Léonard, relicts of Baikiaea forests (dominated by Baikiaea plurijuga Harms and Pterocarpus antunesii (Taub.)
Harms) and lines of riverine woodland or thicket, dominated by, e.g., Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC., S. cordatum Hochst.,
Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. and Albizia harveyi E. Fourn. occur throughout the miombo of the Kalomo District, but
are usually patchy in distribution. Termitaria are widely distributed in miombo, dambo margins and mopane woodland. They
are covered by vegetation that has a different species composition comprising, e.g., Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl., Albizia
amara (Roxb.) Boiv., Lannea discolor (Sond.) Engl., Olea europaea L. ssp. cuspidata (G. Don.) Cif. and Ziziphus mucronata
Willd. (D.B. Fanshawe, 1970, unpublished; J. Timberlake, pers. comm.).

Secondly, the Bvumba (the Shona name for mist) or Vumba Highlands (altitude 1911 m at Castle Beacon; average annual
rainfall 1800 mm) form, together with the ranges Chimanimani (2440 m) and Nyanga (2592 m), the Eastern Highlands of
Zimbabwe and border on to Mozambique in the east and north. All three ranges are part of the “Afromontane archipelago-
like regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983) and represent a resistant remnant of the Gondwanaland erosion
surface, whilst the surrounding areas are African erosion surface. The Vumba Highlands (ca. 200 km’ in size) are located
southeast of Mutare (formerly Umtali, altitude 1341 m) and are separated to the north by the Manica Gap from the
Penhalonga and Stapleford areas and to the south by the Burma Valley from the Tsetsera Range. Southeast of Mutare, a road
reaches a Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. woodland after ca. 700 m with abruptly changes into mist forests. Seven types of
forest have been described by Miiller (2006), largely based on his fieldwork undertaken in the 1970’s. Additionally, various

types of woodlands as well as scrub and grasslands were described (cf. www.vumba-nature.com). Many of them are small in

extant or heavily disturbed today with invasions of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. The forests above 1650 m are dominated, for
example, by Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. ssp. afromontanum F. White, Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk., Maesa lanceolata Forssk..,
Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) Mirb., Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn., Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston. In their
subcanopy occur, e.g., Tabernaemontana stapfiana Britten and Pavetta umtalensis Bremek. At the same altitude,
regenerating montane forest is particularly common on the Vumba Highlands dominated by Macaranga capensis (Baill.)
Sim, Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. and Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill. In between 1350 and 1650 m occurs a “mixed

submontane forest’, also near Mutare. In a mature forest of this type is the highest tree species richness recorded for

Zimbabwe (Miiller, 2006) including, e.g., Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. ssp. afromontanum F. White, Nuxia congesta
Fresen, Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez, Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) Mirb. and Chrysophyllum gorungosanum Engl.
mixed with legumes as Craibia brevicaudata (Vatke) Dunn ssp. baptistarum (Buettner) J.B. Gillett. At the same altitude
range occur different types of legume-dominated forest patches as almost pure stands of Craibia brevicaudata (Vatke) Dunn
mixed with Dracaena steudneri Eng|. Near Mutare, patches dominated by Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm. or
A. schimperiana Oliv., e.g., with Cussonia spicata Thunb. occur. They change abruptly into Brachystegia woodland.

Elliot Pinhey’s description of “Vumba Mt., Umtali’, might refer to the upland parts, although this is not sure. The
Umtali/Vumba area was a favourite collecting site in the 1950’s until the 1970’s. Elliot Pinhey collected so widely, and with
his assistants, would cover as much ground on any trip as possible, that it is likely to have been anywhere around Umtali in
the mountains or along streams. However, two facts are of importance in this context: Firstly, on the north and west facing
slopes, and towards Mutare (Umtali), a drier type of Brachystegia woodland occurs below 1500 m. This woodland type has
two dominant tree species that also occur around Kalomo (where the holotype was collected), including Brachystegia
boehmii Taub. and Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin. Brachystegia spiciformis Benth., another dominant species
around Kalomo, occurs also as dominant tree in woodlands around Mutare above 1500 m, in rocky areas near cliffs and on
east facing slopes down to 1200 m. Secondly, the majority of Arbelodes species occur in southern African Afrotemperate
forest or in a mosaic of grassland with patches of Afrotemperate forest and/or subtropical/temperate thicket in mountainous
areas. Several of the dominant tree species in these Afrotemperate forests occur in the montane forests of the Vumba
Highlands, e.8., Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) Mirb. It is a palaeoendemic element. Grasslands on the Vumba Highlands are
characterized, for example, with isolated woody legumes of Erythrina lysistemon Hutch., or typical thicket species like
Cussonia spicata Thunb. (altitude range 1350-1650 m). Thicket-like vegetation and mixed scrub is represented at altitudes
above 1550 m, comprising Erica hexandra (S. Moore) E.G.H. Oliv., Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn., Rhus ?chirindensis
Baker f. and Ochna holstii Engl. In these thickets occur forest and open woodland species together. An ericoid scrub above
1800 m, occurring around the highest peaks, is dominated by Protea spp., Aloe arborescens Mill., Strelitzia caudata R.A.
Dyer (a Cretaceous relict) and Erica spp. It is unlikely that these highest areas were meant by Elliot Pinhey since, e.g., Castle
Beacon is more than 10 km away from Mutare.

Ecology: A. prochesi spec. nov. is classified as a montane species. At present, it is associated with species-rich and legume-
dominated woodlands that include tropical elements as well as relicts of Baikiaea forests. Associations with uplands on the
Vumba Highlands are very likely. Mountainous areas with frost, mist and a mosaic of patches of forest/woodland and/or
thicket, embedded in a grassland matrix, are the typical habitat of the genus Arbelodes. Of interest is, that A. prochesi spec.
nov. was not yet recorded from other miombo woodlands, including areas from where long-term Metarbelidae collections
exist (e.g., from around Mbala or in northern, central and southern Malawi). Hence, A. prochesi spec. nov. is historically not
linked to miombo, which is a tropical vegetation type, but most probably to an admixture of forest and woodland with
subtropical and/or temperate elements that occurred on the Vumba Highlands and on plateau areas of south-central Zambia
possibly before Africa moved northwards 30-25 myr BP.

Distribution: A. prochesi spec. nov. has a disjunct distribution, occurring on a plateau area of south-central Zambia and on
the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe, possibly extending into Mozambique (e.g., Serra Vumba). This disjunction is indicative
for a relict distribution. Although Elliot Pinhey collected widely with his assistants in the Vumba Highlands, possibly over
many years, only a single specimen is known. This indicates that A. prochesi spec. nov. might be ,,rare“. The single record

from Kalomo supports the author’s opinion.

Arbelodes sebelensis spec. nov.

Plate 2, figure 10; figures 10 a, b

Material examined: holotype female, Botswana, Bakgatla, Sebele, 08.September.1969, R.E. Roome leg., presented by
Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, number A 4029, ex BMNH, B.M. 1971-1; genitalia slide number 28/022010
I. Lehmann (deposited in BMNH, genitalia slide number BMNH COSS 417).

Etymology: the species is named from the type locality Sebele (southeast Botswana).

Description of the female (holotype)

Forewing length 11.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.36:1.

Head: rough-scaled, pale olive-buff scales mixed with long sepia coloured hairs around eyes as well as base of antennae,
eyes wood brown with small black patches; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus is absent, but a pair of small
pits occurs behind the upper part of the labial palpi; antennae densely scaled on dorsal side of shaft with ivory yellow mixed
with sepia; shaft serrate, branches less than width of shaft, covered with scales of ivory yellow, a few scattered minute hairs
ventrally; labial palpi narrow, small, less than half of diameter of eye and covered with colonial buff scales and long hairs of
sepia. Thorax: patagia and tegulae with long scales, pale olive-buff, tips light brownish olive, mixed with black hairs; a small
crest of ivory yellow on metathorax. Abdomen: not longer than the hindwings; largely ivory yellow. Legs: femora, tibiae and
tarsi with scales of colonial buff, femora with scattered black hairs; hindlegs with two pairs of spurs, narrow, short, 0.7 mm
long. Forewing: upperside pale olive-buff mixed with scales of light brownish-olive; postmedial line light brownish-olive; a
small patch of chamois at the end of cell with a triangular patch of sepia towards base of wing; a large patch of sepia below
lower median and near base of wing; CuA, pure white at base and from below its centre a rectangular patch of sepia to the
dorsum; cilia long, 1.1 mm, pale olive-buff with tips of light brownish olive. Underside rough-scaled towards base of wing,
ivory yellow mixed with pale olive-buff and light brownish olive, glossy. Venation: cell slightly longer than half the length
of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of
CuA, to M3; veins M3 and M2 from lower angle, separated; M, from upper angle; areole protruding upper angle; R;+R,+R3
from top of areole; R2 from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper
angle open towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell present, rather obsolete towards base.
Hindwing: upperside with a broad band of light brownish olive, towards base white as well as ivory yellow; cilia and
underside as in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A present,
CuP obsolete; CuA, as in forewing; CuA,; M; and M) from lower angle, M3 and M2 separated; M, and Rs on a long stalk
and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R,, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-fourth of
its length; discocellular angled inwardly, from upper median a rudimentary veinlet into the cell, lower angle slightly shorter
than upper angle, veinlet in cell present, obsolete at centre. Genitalia: abdominal segment 9 broad with a broad and ovate gap
on the ventral side, the length of this gap is about half the length of the segment; posterior edge with scattered long setae from
top to the ventral part where the setae become denser; posterior apophyses very broad and of five times the length as anterior
apophyses; anterior apophyses extremely short, rather rudimentary, tip rounded; papillae anales very broad and large, elliptic,
obliquely 8-shaped, covered with long and short setae, some parts without setae.

Diagnosis: A. sebelensis spec. nov. is related to A. claudiae spec. nov. and possibly to A. collaris Aurivillius. However, in the
latter species M3 and M, emerge from the same point of the lower angle in the forewing as well as in the hindwing, but are
clearly separated on both wings in A. sebelensis spec. nov. Two peculiar characters exist in A. sebelensis spec. nov.: Firstly,
the anterior apophyses are by far the shortest known among the Metarbelidae and have a rudimentary appearance. Secondly,
the posterior apophyses are currently the largest among the Arbelodes and one of the largest among the Metarbelidae.
Habitat: Sebele (altitude 994 m; average annual rainfall 500 mm) is located 3 km north of Gaborone (southeast Botswana)
and 10-16 km west from the border to South Africa. Of interest is the subtropical climate, the fairly frequent occurrence of
frost (similar to other habitats of the genus Arbelodes) in the very dry winters as well as the high mean annual potential
evaporation for a savanna vegetation type. The area belongs to the “Kalahari-Highveld regional transition zone” sensu
White (1983). He classified the vegetation around Gaborone as “Kalahari thornveld and the transition to Zambezian broad-
leaved woodland” and stated, that the principal tree and bush species are all Zambezian. In both of White’s northern and
southern variant of the Kalahari thornveld, the legume and savanna genus Acacia is most dominant. Rutherford et al. (2006)
classified the area in South Africa that borders at Botswana near Gaborone and Sebele as “Dwaalboom Thornveld”. Due to
the short distance from Sebele to the international border, the author assumes, that this vegetation type occurs at the type
locality. Its general feature is a layer of scattered, low to medium high, deciduous microphyllous trees and shrubs with a few
broad-leaved tree species (the latter are in the middle layer around Sebele) and an almost continuous herbaceous layer

dominated by several grass species. Diversity and endemism is low among the flora. The savanna around Sebele is heavily

disturbed today (J. Timberlake, pers. comm.). This is also indicated by the occurrence of the genus Terminalia and
particularly of T. sericea Burch. Characteristic tree species in less disturbed areas are Acacia erioloba E. Mey., A. erubescens
Welw., A. tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne ssp. heteracantha (Burch.) Brenan, A. fleckii Schinz, Combretum imherbe Wawra, Rhus
lancea L. f. and Ziziphus mucronata Willd. Tall shrubs comprise, e.g., Diospyros lycioides Desf. ssp. lycioides, Euclea
undulata Thunb. and Grewia flava DC.

Ecology: A. sebelensis spec. nov. is classified as a submontane species. At present, it is associated with a species-poor,
legume-dominated savanna (thornveld) including many Zambezian, and hence, tropical elements. Of interest is, that A.
sebelensis spec. nov. was not yet recorded from any other savanna or from the wide areas of the ,,Zambezian regional centre
of endemism“. Only A. collaris Aurivillius, which is probably related to A. sebelensis spec. nov., has been found at a single
locality in a similar habitat further east in the ,, Zambezian regional centre of endemism“. However, A. sebelensis spec. nov.
is historically not linked to savannas, which are largely tropical, but most probably to an admixture of subtropical and/or
temperate forests, woodland and/or thicket vegetation that must have occurred around Sebele before the late Miocene when
the oldest finds of typical savanna with its components Acacia, Combretaceae, Commiphora, Dichrostachys are recorded in
Africa, and from Namibia in particular (Partridge, 1978). Of interest is in this context, that thornveld developed only
ca. 10000 years ago (Rutherford et al., 2006).

Distribution: A. sebelensis spec. nov. is only known from the type locality. This distribution is indicative for a relict species
since typical savanna elements among the Metarbelidae have larger ranges. It’s distribution is expected to extand slightly

westwards in Botswana and eastwards into South Africa.

Arbelodes claudiae spec. nov.

Plate 3, figures 11, 12; figures 11 a,b; 12 a,b

Material examined: holotype male, N. Malawi, Mzuzu, Nkhorongo, 1375 m, 10.October.2009, R.J. Murphy leg., no
genitalia dissection (deposited in the BMNH).

Paratypes: female, N. Malawi, Juniperus Forest, 08.-11.October.2003, R.J. Murphy leg., genitalia slide number 19/032010
I. Lehmann (deposited in the author’s collection); female, N. Rhodesia, Abercorn, October.1967, I.R.L.C.S. leg., ex NMK,
genitalia slide number 17/052008 I. Lehmann (deposited in the NMK); male, same locality, September.1969, I.R.L.C-S. leg.,
ex NMK, genitalia slide number 29/032008 I. Lehmann (deposited in the NMK); male, same locality, July.1971, LR.L.C.S.
leg., ex NMK, genitalia slide number 30/032008 I. Lehmann (deposited in the NMK); male, same locality, 14.-
31.August.1974, Locust Control Centre leg., ex BMNH, B.M. 1975-92, genitalia slide number 03/052010 I. Lehmann
(deposited in the BMNH, genitalia slide number BMNH COSS 418); male, N. Malawi, Mzuzu, Nkhorongo, 1375 m,
10.October.1996, R.J. Murphy leg., genitalia slide number 03/012010 I.Lehmann (deposited in the ZMHB); male, same
locality, 29.September.2009, R.J. Murphy leg., no genitalia dissection (deposited in the author’s collection).

Etymology: the species is named for Dr Claudia Meyer, nee Richter (Bodensee near Gottingen), in recognition of her
valuable friendship since March 1988 and in particular for her encouragement to write my diploma thesis in Kenya in 1989.
Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 11.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.50:1.

Head: rough-scaled, largely ivory yellow around eyes as well as base of antennae, scales with pure white tips and snuff
brown at centre; eyes ecru-olive with small black patches; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus is absent, but a
pair of small pits occurs behind the upper half of the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and dorsal side of
branches, scales pure white; branches of antennae five to six times width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs in pairs
projecting inwards from tip to base, tip of branch acuminate with one thorn-like scale, branches not bent towards tip of
antenna, do not touch each other, distance between branches less than width of branch; labial palpi narrow, less than diameter
of eye and densely covered with snuff brown scales and hairs. Thorax: patagia and tegulae densely covered with hairs of
snuff brown with pure white tips; these white tips form a collar ring on the patagia; a small crest of the same colour on
metathorax. Abdomen: largely covered with long hairs of ivory yellow and cartridge buff. A long brush of hairs at the end of

abdomen, more than half the length of abdomen, resembling a swallow-tail. Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi densely covered

with hairs of pale olive-buff, pure white towards tip; hindlegs with two pairs of very narrow spurs, long, 1.2 mm,
overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside largely old gold; costal margin and termen covered with spots and lunules
of old gold edged pure white; a broad pure white subterminal line edged smoke grey towards termen; a narrow pure white
postmedial line from costa to CuA, which is also pure white; from upper as well as lower end of CuA, a pure white line to the
dorsum; in the cell is a rounded patch of old gold, edged white; cilia long, 1.1 mm, smoke grey, tips alternating pure white
and smoke grey. Underside rough-scaled, pale olive-buff with a broad subterminal band of light greyish olive, edged white
towards termen; some small dots in between the light greyish olive subterminal band and termen. Venation: cell slightly
longer than half the length of wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA from one third of lower median, CuA, from
half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3 and M) separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole protruding
upper angle; R;+R4+R; from top of areole, but not stalked; R» from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to
R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in
cell present, but obsolete towards termen. Hindwing: upperside pale smoke grey, white towards base of wing; cilia as in
forewing, except that all tips are pure white. Underside like in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the
length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A present, CuP obsolete; CuA, as in forewing; CuA;, M3 and Mp from lower angle, M3
and M, separated; M, and Rs on a stalk and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R,, the latter crosses the base of the
upper median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper
angle, veinlet in cell present, obsolete at centre. Genitalia: saccus absent and replaced (?) by a small hook-like structure;
tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring which is broad on its entire length; valvae broad at base, three lobes
present; upper lobe narrow and not bent towards uncus, rounded at tip with many setae, scattered longer and shorter setae
along its entire length on the ventral as well as dorsal side; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe, “leg-shaped” with
many long setae ventrally; third lobe in between upper and lower lobe, short, thorn-like with a rounded tip which has long
setae; sacculus narrow; uncus elongated, broad, bifid, a small acuminate emargination, many setae ventrally and dorsally
towards tips; juxta long and almost rectangular with a large heart-like hole in its upper half; a very broad and large plate-like
structure above the juxta. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, longer than length of lower lobe, rounded basally, rounded and broader

distally; vesica without cornuti.

Description of the female (ex Juniperus forest)

Forewing length 14.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.36:1.

Head: rough-scaled, pale olive-buff, scales mixed with long sepia coloured hairs around eyes as well as base of antennae,
eyes wood brown with small black patches; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits
occurs behind the upper part of the iabial palpi; antennae rather unipectinate than filiform; densely scaled on dorsal side of
shaft, ivory yellow with scattered sepia coloured scales; branches less than width of shaft, the two tips on each branch have a
thorn-like scale, branches covered with smaller scales of ivory yellow, a few minute hairs ventrally; labial palpi narrow, as
long as diameter of eye and covered with colonial buff scales as well as long hairs of sepia. Thorax: patagia and tegulae
densely covered with hairs of pale olive-buff with white tips; these white tips form — together with sepia coloured hairs — a
collar ring on the patagia; a small crest of snuff brown, formed by broader scales, on metathorax. Abdomen: not longer than
hindwings; largely pale olive-buff. Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi with scales of pale olive-buff, femora and tibiae also with
pale olive-buff hairs; hindlegs with two pairs of spurs, narrow, long, 1.0 mm long. Forewing: elongated; upperside glossy,
pale olive-buff, mixed with scales of light brownish-olive; terminal line and postmedial line broad, light brownish-olive; a
small patch of chamois at the end of the cell, edged towards base of wing with a triangular patch of dark olive-buff; below
lower median and near the base of wing two patches of dark olive-buff; CuA, pure white and from below its centre a rather
rounded patch of dark olive-buff, edged pure white towards the dorsum; cilia long, 1.3 mm, pale olive-buff. Underside rough-
scaled towards base of wing, pale olive-buff, glossy. Venation: cell slightly longer than half length of the wing; 1A+2A
forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3
and M, from lower angle, separated, M, from upper angle; areole relatively large, protruding upper angle; R;+R,+R3 from

top of areole; R» from areole; R; from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle

open towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one; veinlet in cell present, but obsolete towards termen.
Hindwing: upperside glossy, light brownish olive; cilia and underside as in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell about
half the length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A obsolete, CuP present; CuA, as in forewing; CuA;, M3 and M) from lower
angle, M; and M, separated; M, and Rs on a short stalk and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R,, the latter crosses
the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter
than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: abdominal segment 9 broad, gap on the ventral side broad and elongated,
the length of this gap is almost half of the length of the segment; posterior edge densely covered with setae only towards the
ventral part; posterior apophyses very broad and of six times the length as anterior apophyses; anterior apophyses short, not
S-shaped, tip rounded; papillae anales very broad and large, elliptic, obliquely 8-shaped towards the rounded tip, covered
with long and short setae.

Diagnosis: A. collaris Aurivillius, A. prochesi spec. nov., A. sebelensis spec. nov., A. claudiae spec. nov. and A. griseata
(Janse) are similar. Differences exist in the male genitalia, which separate A. claudiae spec. nov. and A. griseata (Janse) from
A. collaris Aurivillius and A. prochesi spec. nov. Both former species have three lobes and a thorn-like, acuminate costa at
the base of the upper lobe, while the latter two species have two lobes. It is of interest, that two long lobes and a short lobe in
between are currently only known from A. claudiae spec. nov. and A. griseata (Janse), occurring in northeastern
Zambia/northern Malawi and in northeastern South Africa, respectively. The female postabdominal structure of A. claudiae
spec. nov. has two peculiar characters, resembling the female of A. sebelensis spec. nov.: Firstly, the anterior apophyses are
very short. Secondly, the posterior apophyses are very large and among the largest of the Metarbelidae. The gap on the
ventral side is also very broad and elongated in both A. sebelensis spec. nov. and A. claudiae spec. nov.

Habitats: Firstly, Nkhorongo is a suburb of Mzuzu (North Malawi) which is located at 1255 m (average annual rainfall 1300
mm) in the “Zambezian regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983). The North Vipya Plateau is separated from the
South Vipya by a belt of wooded country at lower altitude (1220-1370 m) surrounding Mzuzu. Average rainfall on the North
Vipya exceeds 1525 mm only on the high plateau where forests grow at altitudes above 1830 m. Below 1525 m, as around
Mzuzu, “Zambezian miombo woodland” occurs. This was once the main vegetation type of the Central African Plateau and
its escarpments. It is nearly always dominated by woody legumes, namely species of Brachystegia, either alone or with
Julbernardia and/or Isoberlinia. On the Vipya plateaus Brachystegia woodland is sometimes intermediate in its
physiognomy in between forest and woodland. In wetter miombo (average annual rainfall > 1000 mm), e.g., Brachystegia
taxifolia Harms, B. floribunda Benth., B. spiciformis Benth., Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.) Troupin and /soberlinia
angolensis (Benth.) Hoyle & Brenan are present. Noteworthy is that close to Mzuzu the Afromontane near-endemic
Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. & Zeyh. occurs, a species more typical of lowland and submontane rain forest. The collecting
site is floristically diverse and includes ca. 80 tree and shrub species. Dominant trees are Brachystegia taxifolia Harms, B.
bussei Harms, B. utilis Burtt Davy & Hutch. and Uapaca guineensis Mill. Arg., which is a Guineo-Congolian linking species
(R. J. Murphy, pers. comm.).

Secondly, the Juniperus forest, dominated by the Afromontane endemic Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl., is located on the
Nyika Plateau (North Malawi) at an altitude of 2130-2220 m with an average annual rainfall of 1000-1400 mm (e.g., 1062
mm at Chelinda ca. 14 km northwest from the Juniperus forest, but 2344 mm towards the top of the eastern escarpment at
Kassaramba ca. 12 km northeast at an altitude of 2440 m). The forest area belongs to the “Afromontane archipelago-like
regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983). The Juniperus forest is mostly confined to the apparently dry Uyaghaya
Valley in the southeast of the Nyika Plateau. There are several small and isolated patches covering a total area of ca. 30 ha,
the largest patch is 9 ha. All patches belong to a variant of the “Undifferentiated Afromontane forest” sensu White (1983).
Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. and Olea capensis L. emerge to a height of 30-35 m above the broad-leaved canopy of
20-25 m. The latter includes tree species such as Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey, Cassine aethiopica Thunb., Cassipourea
malosana (Baker) Alston, Chionanthus battiscombei (Hutch.) Stearn, Halleria lucida L and the uncommon Afromontane
endemic Casearia battiscombei R.E.Fr. Small trees of 10 m or less include Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg, and tall shrubs are
represented by, e.g., Dovyalis macrocarpa Bamps. Along the forest edge occur Afromontane endemics as small shrubs of

Agelanthus bipartitus Balle, Achyrospermum cryptanthum Baker and Plectranthus sylvestris Girke. The small tree Myrica

serrata Lam. was recorded near the Juniperus forest (all species were compiled from White et al., 2001). The collecting site
of A. claudiae spec. nov. was located within the Juniperus forest at an altitude of ca. 2215 m. Nearby are secondary (?)
montane grasslands, probably a type of wooded grassland, with grasses of Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E. Hubb. and
Monocymbium ceresiiforme (Nees) Stapf including small trees of the genera Erica and Protea (R.J. Murphy, pers. comm.).
Thirdly, Mbala (formerly called Abercorn; altitude 1676 m; average annual rainfall 1240 mm) is located in northeastern
Zambia (Northern Province) on the Central African Plateau. The area belongs to the “Zambezian regional centre of
endemism” sensu White (1983). From Mbala the plateau falls away through a series of escarpments to the shores of Lake
Tanganyika, ca. 20 km northwest from Mbala, at an altitude of ca. 850 m. This area, including Mbala, is part of the Lake
Tanganyika Basin. Although Mbala was a station for the International Red Locust Control Service (I.R.L.C.S.), it was not an
area with a permanent population of the Red Locust which occurs in large grass areas (Backlund, 1955). According to
Lawton (1963, 1978) as well as to Smith & Trapnell (2002) occur five distinct vegetation types around Mbala, largely
associated with different soils: Firstly, miombo woodland including stands with more open canopies resulting in a high-grass
woodland with Erythrophloeum africanum (Welw.) Harms and Pterocarpus angolensis DC.; secondly, two distinct types of
“chipya-woodland”, e.g., with Parinari curatellifolia Planch., Pterocarpus angolensis DC., Burkea africana Hook.; thirdly,
undifferentiated Brachystegia-Isoberlinia woodlands; fourthly, Diplorrynchus scrub-grassland on ironstone soils and soils on
the plateau and fifthly, small remnants of tropical moist forest as well as riparian forest (known locally as “mushitu’”). The
miombo woodlands cover most of the surroundings of Mbala and were classified by Chidumayo (1997) as “northern wet
miombo”. The most common canopy dominants include according to Lawton (1963), e.g., Brachystegia spiciformis Benth.,
B. utilis Burtt Davy & Hutch., B. floribunda Benth., B. wangermeeana De Wild, B. allenii Burtt Davy & Hutch.,
Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.), Isoberlinia angolensis (Welw.) Hoyle & Brenan, Albizia antunesiana Harms, Pericopsis
angolensis (Baker) Meeuwen and Marquesia macroura Gilg. Chipya is regarded as a mosaic of different stages of
degradation/re-establishment of evergreen tropical forest that appears as fragments of evergreen thicket, known locally as
“mateshi” (climbers and lianas present; miombo dominants absent). Chipya has a tall and dense grass cover as well as a
luxuriant herbaceous component. It is basically a fire-climax vegetation type derived from forest patches on nutrient-rich
soils of lake basins and on red soils on the plateau (J. Golding, pers. comm.). In some areas of the Northern Province occur
large mushitu as around Mbala. They have an interesting floristic composition and comprise species occurring also in the
Guineo-Congolian Region as swamp forest species, e.g., Mitragyna stipulosa (DC.) Kuntze, Syzygium owariense (P.Beauv.)
Benth., Uapaca guineensis Miill. Arg. and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich.; as well as moist tropical forest species, e.g.,
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch., Synsepalum brevipes (Baker) T.D.Penn., Vitex doniana Sweet, Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill.
& Perr.) Brenan. Afromontane species are also represented as the Afromontane near-endemic Ocotea usambarensis Engl.
Another relict of a moist tropical forest near Mbala is Siszya Forest, located near the shores of Lake Tanganyika and near
Kalambo Falls (08039'S, 31016'E; J. Timberlake, pers. comm.). It has dominant species of Celtis africana Burm.f., Pouteria
altissima (A.Chev.) Baehni, that occurs in West-, Central and East Africa, as well as Pouteria adolfi-friedericii (Eng}.) A.
Meeuse, an Afromontane endemic. Trapnell (1943) postulated that chipya occurs on areas formerly occupied by evergreen
forest/thicket and Lawton (1963) treated the mushitu and moist tropical forest remnants as relicts of the once extensive pan-
African lowland rain forest, and hence, as Pleistocene forest refugia.

Ecology: A. claudiae spec. nov. is classified as a montane species. It is associated with isolated remnants of Juniperus forest,
dominated by Afromontane endemics, as well as with species-rich, legume-dominated miombo that is mixed with distinct
types of chipya including evergreen forest/thicket patches. Near Mbala, the miombo borders locally at riparian forests,
comprising together with Siszya Forest and other remnants near Kalambo Falls, Pleistocene forest refugia. A. claudiae spec.
nov. is historically not linked to miombo, but most probably to subtropical and/or temperate Afromontane and/or evergreen
forest types. There are, for example, still relict populations of Oreobambus buchwaldii K. Schum. around Mzuzu as well as
of Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) Mirb. on the North and South Vipya plateaus. On the Nyika Plateau, montane forests were
once much more extensive. This is indicated, e.g., in the eastern part of the plateau where the latter species and P. henkelii

Stapf are still locally common. Around Mbala, Oreobambus buchwaldii K. Schum. still occurs in a gorge on a hill (Lawton,

1963). Hence, there are relict populations of Afromontane, and hence, temperate plant species in all three localities where A.
claudiae spec. nov. has been recorded.

Distribution: A. claudiae spec. nov. is only known from upland areas in northern Malawi as well as northeastern Zambia.
This is indicative for a disjunct and relict distribution. It is expected to extand slightly northeastwards into adjacent areas of
Tanzania, which is only 25 km from Mbala.

The area around Mbala currently represents the northern distribution limit of the genus Arbelodes.

Arbelodes griseata (Janse, 1925), comb. nov.

Plate 3, figure 13; figures 13 a, b

Original combination: Metarbela griseata Janse, 1925

Synonyms: None

Holotype: male, S.A., Transvaal, Pretoria, 19.October.1915, A.J.T. Janse leg., deposited in TMSA.

Material examined: male, S.A., Transvaal, Pretoria, W. Elandsfontein, 04.October.1967, D.W. Rorke leg., ex TMSA,
genitalia slide number 16/022010 I. Lehmann (deposited in the TMSA); male, S.A., Northwest Province, Rustenburg,
Natuurreservaat, 3.-6.November.1975, Potgieter & Scoble leg., ex TMSA, genitalia slide number 28/082008 I. Lehmann
(deposited in TMSA).

Description of the male (ex Rustenburg)

Forewing length 10.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.50:1.

Head: rough-scaled, glossy, long hairs of sepia with tips of olive-buff around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes black; a
pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits occurs behind the upper half of the labial
palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches, scales ivory yellow; branches of antennae five times
width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs in pairs projecting inwards from tip to base, tip of branch acuminate with one long
thorn-like scale, branches not bent towards tip of antenna and do touch each other only slightly, distance between branches
narrow, less than width of branch; labial palpi narrow, short, less than diameter of eye and densely covered with long hairs of
sepia. Thorax: patagia and tegulae densely covered with glossy hairs of ivory yellow, some hairs with sepia coloured tips
which form a collar ring; a small crest of hairs of ivory yellow with buckthorn brown tips on metathorax. Abdomen: largely
olive-buff mixed with ivory yellow. A brush of hairs at the end, less than half the length of abdomen. Legs: femora, tibiae
and tarsi densely covered with hairs of deep olive-buff, mixed with sepia on tibiae; hindlegs with two pairs of narrow spurs,
long, 1.0 mm, inner spur slightly shorter, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside ecru-olive; costal margin and
termen covered with spots and lunules of deep olive-buff, especially at the end of veins, alternating with ivory yellow;
terminal and subterminal line buffy-olive; a small spot of sepia in the cell, edged ivory yellow towards termen; lower median
and CuA, sepia; two large pure white patches below CuAg, a sepia coloured patch near base of wing and below lower
median; all three patches do not extend to the dorsum; cilia short, 0.8 mm, olive-buff with deep olive-buff tips. Underside
rough-scaled towards base of wing, ecru-olive, glossy. Venation: cell slightly longer than half the length of the wing; 1A+2A
forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3
and M, separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole protruding upper angle; Rs; from below areole, R4+R3
from top of areole, long stalked (note: this is a variable character since the stalk is absent in a male from Pretoria); Rj from
areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open towards termen;
lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete towards base of wing. Hindwing: cppenide ecru-olive,
glossy; cilia as in forewing. Underside as in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the
wing; 3A present, 1A+2A present, CuP obsolete; CuA, as in forewing; CuA;, M3 and M) from lower angle, M3 and M)
separated; M, and Rs on a long stalk and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R), the latter crosses the base of the upper
median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle,
veinlet in cell present, obsolete towards base of wing. Genitalia: saccus short; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm
ring which is broad on its entire length; valvae broad at base, three lobes present; upper lobe narrow, bent towards uncus,

rounded at tip with many setae; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe, bent towards the ventral side, many long setae

near its base ventrally; third lobe in between upper and lower lobe, short, thorn-like in shape but with a rounded tip which has
many setae; sacculus narrow; uncus broad (ventral view), elongated, slightly bifid with a small acuminate emargination, setae
ventrally towards tips; juxta broad with a deep and wide emargination, horn-like with rounded tips; a broad plate-like
structure above the juxta. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, very long, 1.5 times longer than lower lobe, rounded basally, rounded
and broader distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. griseata (Janse) is related to A. claudiae spec. nov. Despite many similarities (cf. diagnosis above), a
difference between both species is the very long aedeagus in A. griseata with a swallow-tail distally (its longer than the
length of the ventral lobe). Other species with a very long aedeagus are A. meridialis Karsch, A. sticticosta (Hampson), A.
flavicolor (Janse), A. albitorquata (Hampson) and A. deprinsi spec. nov., but none of those species has two long lobes and a
short one in between.

Habitat (examples) : Firstly, the Rustenburg Nature Reserve (ca. 4300 ha; today called Kgaswane Mountain Reserve) is
located behind Rustenburg’s southern suburbs (altitude 1153 m; mean annual rainfall 650 mm; rainfall very variable) ca. 90
km west from Pretoria, in the North West Province. The Rustenburg area lies just north of a line between Pretoria and
Mafeking (South Africa) and hence, it still belongs to the “Zambezian regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983).
The reserve is surrounded by the fast growing town Rustenburg, by agricultural lands (formerly a strong source for the supply
of citrus products) as well as by mining activities. It is dominated by the rocky ridges of the western Magaliesberg Mountain
Range. This mountain range extends in an arc-like feature for ca. 125 km roughly from west of Pretoria to northwest of
Rustenburg. The “Amphitheater” of the Magaliesberg has an altitude of 1741 m. South of Rustenburg is an inselberg of
1325 m. Both indicate that the altitude range within the reserve is between 1200 and 1600 m. The main vegetation type on
the Magaliesberg Mountain Range between 1200 and 1741 m is “Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld” sensu Rutherford et al.
(2006). It is characterized by often west-east trending rocky hills and ridges with dense woody vegetation often on south-
facing slopes. Tree and shrub layers are often continuous; the herbaceous layer is dominated by grasses, including succulent
herbs like the endemic Frithia pulchra N.E. Br. Dominant tree species comprise e.g., Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd., Protea
caffra Meisn., Celtis africana Burm. f., Vangueria infausta Burch. and Ziziphus mucronata Willd. Shrubs include Canthium
gilfillanii (N.E. Br.) O.B. Mill., Grewia occidentalis L., Rhus magalismontana Sond. and the endemic succulent Aloe
peglerae Schonland. North and south of the Magaliesberg Mountain Range occurs “Moot Plains Bushveld” sensu Rutherford
et al. (2006), especially south of Rustenburg, and probably on smaller areas within the reserve at an altitude range of 1050-
1450 m. It comprises in contrast to the vegetation type mentioned above thorny savannas that are dominated by various
species of Acacia, like A. nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile, A. tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne as well as by Olea europaea L. Shrubs
include, e.g., Grewia occidentalis L. and Gymnosporia polyacantha (Sond.) Szyszyl. Both vegetation types described above
indicate that there is, at present, a weak link to the flora of the Afromontane Region.

Secondly, Pretoria (altitude 1369 m; average annual rainfall 783 mm) belongs to the “Zambezian regional centre of
endemism” sensu White (1983) and is surrounded by subtropical savannas of the Central Bushveld, with a continuum
between shrubs and trees with no distinct layer. Although the exact localities of the collecting sites of several specimens of
A. griseata are unknown, it is of interest here, that a direct link exists between Pretoria and the Rustenburg area via the “Gold
Reef Mountain Bushveld” which begins in a narrow band east of Pretoria and surrounds the town in the north before it is
broadening on the Magaliesberg Mountain Range westwards (cf. above). A second, and much broader link, exists via the
“Marikana Thornveld” sensu Rutherford et al. (2006) which is an open woodland dominated by Acacia karroo Hayne. It
occurs on plains and in valleys from the Rustenburg area in the west to Pretoria in the east where this vegetation type
surrounds the town in a broad band in the north, east and southeast.

Elandsfontein is a suburb of Pretoria, located west from the town, and close to parallel ranges of hills which extend from
Hartebeespoort Dam in the west to Atteridgeville in the east. This area is covered with bands of “Gold Reef Mountain
Bushveld”, “Moot Plains Bushveld” and “Andesite Mountain Bushveld” (1350-1800 m) sensu Rutherford et al. (2006). The
latter is a dense, medium or tall thorny bushveld with a well developed grass layer. Important tree species include Acacia

caffra (Thunb.) Willd., A. karroo Hayne, Protea caffra Meisn., Celtis africana Burm. f., Ziziphus mucronata Willd. and

Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv. Common shrub species comprise, e.g., Asparagus laricinus Burch., Euclea crispa
(Thunb.) Giirke and Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng.

Thirdly, Shilovane (also spelled Shilouvane; average annual rainfall 450-550 mm) was mentioned by Janse (1925) as the
collecting site of a paratype recorded by Junod in November, 1902. It is located ca. 25 km southeast of Tzaneen, namely near
Ofcolaco and The Downs (ca. 14 km southeast of Serata Peak, 2050 m). Shilovane is a small settlement including the old
mission station (established in 1886) where Reverend Junod worked. The mountain adjacent to this site is the Wolkberg, a
local name for the north-eastern Drakensberg escarpment near Tzaneen. This escarpment region, and in particular its
grasslands, were found to be very rich in endemic plant and butterfly species, and hence, Matthews er al. (1993) proposed to
name this region the ,,;Wolkberg Centre“. The predominant vegetation types on the eastern side of the north-south oriented
Wolkberg-Drakensberg are the ,,Granite Lowveld“ and the ,,Tzaneen Sour Bushveld“ sensu Rutherford et al. (2006). The
former occurs at an altitude of 250-700 m and is characterized by Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn., Combretum
hereroense Schinz, Strychnos madagascariensis Poir., few trees of Acacia nigrescens Oliv., A. nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile
and Albizia harveyi E. Fourn. ,,Tzaneen Sour Bushveld“ occurs at altitudes of 600-1000 m and higher in places. The average
annual rainfall is above 550 mm. It is a tall open bushveld (parkland) with a tall grass layer on the lower and middle slopes of
the northeastern escarpment. Several of the important tree species are woody legumes as Pterocarpus angolensis DC., Acacia
polyacantha Willd. (a subtropical element), Albizia versicolor Welw. ex Oliv., and Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce.
Ficus species are diverse. Many areas have been transformed by afforestation (higher-lying parts) and agriculture (lower-
lying areas) during the 1980’s. Of interest is the ,,Soutpansberg Centre of endemism“, ca. 110 km north from Ofcolaco,
including 30 % of all tree species as well as ca. 3000 vascular plant species that occur in southern Africa. The very
heterogeneous savanna vegetation and patches of Afromontane forests, share both, especially at higher-lying areas (975-1465
m), floristic elements with the Magaliesberg Mountain Range (Mostert et al., 2008).

Ecology: A. griseata is classified as a montane species. The present data shows, that it is associated with higher-lying,
moist/dystrophic, subtropical savannas of the Central Bushveld, and apparently less, with lower-lying, arid/eutrophic
savannas of the Lowveld. The former are dominated by woody legumes of the Mimosoideae and belong to the South African
section of the “Zambezian regional centre of endemism’”’; the latter are broad-leaved savannas on the African erosion surface.
These southern African savannas, which are relatively depauperate in regard to their floristic diversity, are transitional
between the tree and shrub flora, that is mainly Sudano-Zambezian in the upper layers, but the lower layers have strong
affinities with the Karoo-Namib Region (Rutherford et al., 2006). Hence, the habitats of A. griseata are located in savannas
that are different to miombo (which, e.g., are tropical and have a distinct tree layer with woody legumes of the
Caesalpinioideae) as well as to those tree savannas often overwhelmingly dominated by Colophospermum mopane (J. Kirk
ex Benth.) J. Léonard. The latter occur in the Limpopo Province, for example, north of the Soutpansberg Mountains.
Distribution: A. griseata is known only from South Africa where it has been recorded in the Gauteng, North-West and
Limpopo provinces. Its southern limit is currently the Magaliesberg Mountain Range. It extends from there northeastwards to
the eastern side of the Wolkberg-Drakensberg (Shilovane) and very likely further north to the Blouberg-Soutpansberg
Mountain Range. Janse (1925) mentioned a fourth locality, namely Rietfontein in the ,,Zoutpansberg District“. The identity
of this place remains uncertain, and Rietfontein is at best presumtive to be east of the Waterberg near Naboomspruit

(Limpopo Province). It is treated here as a potential endemic species of South Africa.

Arbelodes mondeensis spec. nov.

Plate 3, figure 14; figures 14 a, b

Material examined:

Holotype: male, S.A., Eastern Cape, Bathurst District, Kleinemonde, December.1949, J. Omer Cooper leg., ex TMSA,
genitalia slide number 23/082008 I. Lehmann (deposited in the TMSA).

Paratype: male, S.A., same locality, January.1950, J. Omer Cooper leg., no genitalia dissection (deposited in the TMSA).

Etymology: the species is named from the type locality Kleinemonde.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 8.5 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.53:1.

Head: small with an elongated shape; rough-scaled, glossy, long hairs of ivory yellow around eyes as well as base of
antennae, eyes black, almost as large as the head; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of pits
occurs behind the lower half of the labial palpi; antennae (missing in the paratype) bipectinate, scaled on shaft and dorsal side
of branches, scales ivory yellow; branches of antennae five times width of shaft, narrow, covered with long hairs, two times
width of branch, hairs in pairs projecting inwards from tip to base, tip of branch acuminate with two thorn-like scales,
branches S-shaped and not bent towards tip of antenna, do not touch each other; distance between branches narrow, slightly
more than the width of the branch; labial palpi narrow, short, less than diameter of eye and densely covered with ivory yellow
hairs as well as scales. Thorax: patagia and tegulae glossy, densely covered with hairs of light brownish-olive that are ivory
yellow towards base; a crest of glossy, light brownish-olive hairs with broad, triangular tips of deep purplish vinaceous on
metathorax. Abdomen: glossy, light brownish-olive; an abdominal tuft, that resembles a swallow-tail, is present and has
almost the same length as the abdomen. Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi densely covered with hairs of light brownish-olive;
hindlegs with two pairs of narrow spurs, long, 1.0 mm, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: apex rounded, upperside
glossy, light yellowish-olive; a broad, triangular terminal band of Dresden brown, edged by a wave-like line of ivory yellow,
from costa to tornus; costal margin with sepia coloured spots, termen Dresden brown; a small, but faded spot of sepia in the
cell; two prominent, rounded spots of orange-buff, edged Dresden brown, below lower median and below CuA,; two small
and faded spots, maybe orange-buff in fresh specimens, near tornus; cilia short, 0.5 mm, Dresden brown with a vinaceous
gloss. Underside rough-scaled towards base of wing, buffy brown, glossy. Venation: cell slightly longer than half the length
of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of
CuA, to M3; veins M3 and M, separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole small, not protruding upper
angle; Rs;+R,+R3 from top of areole, long stalked; R2 from areole; R; from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to Rj;
discocellular angled slightly inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet
in cell present. Hindwing: upperside light yellowish-olive with a vinaceous gloss; a broad band of Dresden brown covering
the entire outer half of the wing; cilia as in forewing. Underside rough-scaled towards base of wing, buffy brown, glossy;
frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A present with a strong, oblique
fold, CuP absent; CuA, as in forewing; CuA, Mz; and M) from lower angle, M3; and M, separated; M, and Rs on a long stalk
and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+Rj, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its
length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present, obsolete towards
base of wing. Genitalia: saccus short, triangular with a rounded tip; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring which
is narrow at centre; valvae broad at base, three lobes present, all have a similar length and are very narrow; upper lobe bent
towards uncus; the end of the central lobe is brush-like covered with scale-like structures; lower lobe bent towards the ventral
side; a valval apodeme present above the juxta; sacculus small, narrow; uncus broad (ventral view), elongated, bifid, tips
acuminate with tiny setae, a wide rounded emargination in between the tips, many setae at base of uncus; juxta small, horn-
like with a deep emargination in between the two “horns”. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, narrow, very long, extending from
saccus well beyond the lobes, rounded basally, resembling a swallow-tail distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. mondeensis spec. nov has the defining characters (apomorphies) of the genus Arbelodes. Due to unique
characters, its closest related species is unknown at present. The following characters are outstanding: Firstly, the orange-buff
spots on the forewing upperside are a very rare colour that is currently only known from two undescribed Metarbela species
from West Africa and from A. flavicolor. Secondly, the areole on the forewing is very small if compared to other Arbelodes
species (similar in A. flavicolor). Thirdly, there are three long, very narrow, elongated lobes with scale-like structures on their
tips. Fourthly, the aedeagus is currently the longest among the Arbelodes if compared to the width of the genitalia (similar in
A. flavicolor and A. sticticosta). The three-lobed genitalia of A. kroonae Lehmann (2007) from southern Namibia has thicker
lobes and very long setae on the lower lobe; scale-like structures are entirely absent.

Habitat: Kleinemonde (altitude 0-73 m; mean annual rainfall 592 mm) is a small settlement located in the Eastern Cape

Province, ca. 14 km northeast from Port Alfred, close to the shoreline of the Indian Ocean as well as to the Kleinemonde

River. The area belongs to the “Jongaland-Pondoland regional mosaic” sensu White (1983) and to the “Albany Centre” of
plant endemism sensu Van Wyk & Smith (2001). Along the Kieinemonde River occurs “Kowie Thicket” sensu Hoare et. al.
(2006). This is the major floristic node of the Albany Centre with subtropical elements and occurs around the settlement
Kleinemonde as well as up to 1 km further inland from the shoreline of the Indian Ocean. It is a tall thicket dominated by
succulent euphorbias and aloes with a thick understorey composed of thorny shrubs and woody lianas. Important tree species
include Euphorbia grandidens Haw., Aloe africana Mill., the woody legume Schotia afra (L.) Thunb. var. afra, Cussonia
spicata Thunb. and Acacia natalitia E. Mey. Much of the area around the Kleinemonde estuary is covered by the “Albany
Coastal Belt” sensu Hoare et. al. (2006). This is a mosaic of natural and post-disturbance successions, dominated by solitary
Acacia natalitia E. Mey. trees as well as by a short grassland with scattered clumps of trees and bush. The latter includes
woody legumes and many endemics (mainly succulent herbs). Important species comprise trees such as Erythrina caffra
Thunb., Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv., Euphorbia triangularis Desf. and the endemic shrub Bergeranthus concavus
L. Bolus.

Ecology: A. mondeensis spec. nov. is classified as a lowland species. Since its habitat is associated mainly with thickets and
tree clumps comprising subtropical and temperate elements, including woody legumes, A. mondeensis spec. nov. is probably
transitional with subtropical and temperate affinities. It is interesting to note, that the few relationships to three other
Arbelodes comprise only species which have been found in Afrotemperate forests of the Cape Floristic Region as well as in
the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg.

Distribution: A. mondeensis spec. nov. is known only from the type locality. It is classified as an endemic species of the
Albany Centre due to its peculiar characters. This view is supported by the fact, that its habitat is linked to the ,, Kowie

Thicket“ which represents the major floristic node of this centre of endemism.

Arbelodes iridescens (Janse, 1925)

Plate 3, figure 15; figures 15 a, b

Original combination: Metarbela iridescens Janse, 1925

Synonyms: None

Holotype: male, S.A., Waterval Onder, 19.November.1910, A.J.T. Janse leg., deposited in TMSA.

Material examined: male, S.A., Transvaal, Pretoria N., 09.October.1944, G. van Son leg., ex TMSA, genitalia slide number
27/022010 I. Lehmann (deposited in the TMSA).

Note: There is one additional male in the TMSA collected by van Son in Pretoria in September 1949. No further records.
Description of the male (ex Pretoria)

Forewing length 12.5 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.52:1.

Head: rough-scaled, glossy, deep colonial buff mixed with long hairs of sepia around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes
black; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of pits occur behind the lower half of the labial
palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches, scales pale olive-buff; branches of antennae seven
times width of shaft, narrow, covered with long hairs (two times width of branch), hairs in pairs projecting inwards from tip
to base, tip of branch acuminate with two thorn-like scales, branches not bent towards tip of antenna, and hence, do not touch
each other towards its tip; distance between branches two times width of branch; labial palpi long, as long as diameter of eye
and densely covered with colonial buff scales mixed with hairs of Natal brown. Thorax: patagia glossy, densely covered with
hairs of pale olive-buff and ivory yellow, tips Natal brown, forming a collar ring; tegulae glossy, pale olive-buff mixed with
ivory yellow; a small crest of pale olive-buff and ivory yellow hairs with elongated, triangular tips of Natal brown on
metathorax. Abdomen: pale olive-buff, mixed with hairs of ivory yellow and Natal brown. A short abdominal tuft at the end.
Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi densely covered with long, glossy hairs of ivory yellow and colonial buff; hindlegs with two
pairs of narrow spurs, long, upper pair 1.0 mm, lower pair 1.2 mm, with an acuminate tip, overlapping first tarsal joint.
Forewing: upperside glossy, pale olive-buff with a broad, white terminal band that is dissected by lines of citrine drab,
forming white rounded patches; upper end of cell pure white, extending to the costal margin with a prominent small spot of

Natal brown in its centre; below lower median and CuA, four white patches, edged Natal brown; two patches below the lower

median are connected by a somewhat paler band with the white patch near the costa; a wave-like line of Natal brown from
costa to the end of CuA,; cilia glossy, long, 1.1 mm, alternating pure white and citrine drab. Underside rough-scaled from
half of wing towards its base, pale olive-buff, glossy. Venation: cell slightly longer than the half length of the wing; 1A+2A
forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3
and M, not well separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole elongated, slightly protruding upper angle;
R;+R4+R; from top of areole, long stalked; R, from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel] to R,; discocellular
angled inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell present. Hindwing:
upperside citrine drab, glossy; cilia as in forewing. Underside rough-scaled towards base of wing, pale olive-buff, glossy;
frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A present, CuP rudimentary; CuA, as
in forewing; CuA; M3 and M) from lower angle, M3 and M) separated, M> with a very small fork; M, and Rs on a short stalk
and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its
length; discocellular angled strongly inwardly, lower angle shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus
rudimentary; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring which is broad on its entire length, tegumen with a pair of
tiny thorns on each side; valvae broad at base, two lobes present, narrow, upper lobe long, claw-like with tiny setae at the
rounded tip, not bent towards uncus; lower lobe narrow, thorn-like, a few tiny setae along its edges; a small valval apodeme
present above the juxta; sacculus small, narrow; uncus short, broad (ventral view), with a hole near its base, bifid, tips
acuminate with tiny setae, in between the tips a wide rounded emargination; a few setae at the base of uncus; juxta broad with
a deep emargination. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, narrow, short, slightly shorter than the length of lower lobe, rounded
basally and distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. iridescens shares some characters that are similar in species occurring along the Great Escarpment-
Drakensberg and in the Western Cape Province. This fact separates it from those species occurring west of Pretoria (A.
griseata, A. sebelensis spec. nov.) as well as further north in the Zimbabwean Highlands, eastern Zambia and northern
Malawi (A. prochesi spec. nov., A. claudiae spec. nov.). An interesting character is a large valval apodeme in combination
with two lobes. Such a combination has been seen only in A. sticticosta, which occurs sympatrically with A. iridescens in
Waterval Onder, as well as in A. haberlandorum spec. nov. from the Cederberg (see below). All three species have also a
similar antenna-wing ratio of 0.50:1 in A. sticticosta, 0.52:1 in A. iridescens and 0.54:1 in A. haberlandorum spec. nov.,
respectively. Major differences of the latter species, if compared to A. sticticosta and A. iridescens, comprise: Firstly, a wing
pattern is absent, but the latter two species have a geometric design on the forewing upperside. Secondly, M, and Rs are not
long stalked in the hindwing. Thirdly, the uncus is less elongated with a hole at its base only in A. iridescens. The broad
vinculum and an aedeagus that has distally an end which resembles a swallow-tail, occurs in A. sticticosta and in A.
haberlandorum spec. nov. However, these differences between the three species are probably less significant, but the
occurrence of a valval apodeme in combination with two lobes appears to be a complex character. This suggests that
A. iridescens, A. sticticosta and A. haberlandorum spec. nov. are related. Nevertheless, A. sticticosta is closest related to A.
meridialis due to the very long saccus, which has not been seen in any other Arbelodes.

Habitats: The habitat description for Pretoria was presented above (cf. A. griseata).

Waterval Onder (altitude 1200-1350 m; average annual rainfall 1100-1200 mm) is located in the north-central part of the
Mpumalanga Province ca. 170 km east from Pretoria. The area is part of the northern Drakensberg and hence, it belongs to
the “Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983). The environment comprises high-
altitude plateaus, hills and deep valleys of the “Lydenburg Montane Grassland” sensu Mucina et al. (2006) with
predominantly low grasslands, including small trees and low shrubs. The flora is Afromontane with links to the Zimbabwean
Highlands as well as to the southern Drakensberg. The number of endemic species among the shrubs and herbs is high. Small
patches of Northern Mistbelt Forest and shrub-like thickets are common. Forest patches occur particularly northeastern of
Waterval Onder. This is of interest, since the two closest related species were found in forests and thickets. Small trees in the
grasslands, which largely surround Waterval Onder, include, e.g., Protea roupelliae Meisn. ssp. roupelliae and Faurea
galpinii E. Phillips. Endemics occur particularly among low shrubs, e.g., the genus Helichrysum as H. mariepscopicum

Hilliard.

Ecology: A. iridescens is classified as a montane species. Its habitat is associated with forests and thickets of the
Afromontane Region which are embedded in grasslands. It is interesting to note, that two related species, namely A.
sticticosta and A. haberlandorum spec. nov., are known only from forests and thickets. Both have been found in
Afromontane areas of the Drakensberg or in the Cape Floristic Region. The occurrence of A. iridescens in the “Zambezian
regional centre of endemism” as around Pretoria, and hence in southern African savannas, is not surprising since the largest
part of the Grassland Biome boundary in South Africa interfaces with the Savanna Biome. Pretoria is located at such a
boundary.

Distribution: A. iridescens is known only from northeastern South Africa, namely from the Gauteng and Mpumalanga
provinces. It is classified as an endemic species of South Africa, in particular of the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg and its

transitional areas, for example, the Sub-Escarpment Savanna region as well as higher-lying areas of the Central Bushveld.

Arbelodes haberlandorum spec. nov.

Plate 3, figure 16; figures 16 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, S.A., Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Algeria, Farm Jamaka, Rondegat River,
21.March.2005, W. Mey leg., ex ZMHB, genitalia slide number 23/012010 I. Lehmann (deposited in the ZMHB).

Paratype male, S.A., Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Algeria Forestry Station, 04.-10.March.1969, Potgieter & Strydom
leg., ex TMSA, genitalia slide number 21/052010 I. Lehmann (deposited in TMSA).

Etymology: The species is named for my grandparents Willi Eduard Haberland, who passed away on 10th June 1982, as well
as for his wife Charlotte Marie-Johanna. Both accompanied me during my childhood on very many field trips to record
butterflies and moths in the Niederlausitz (northeastern Germany) during 1971-1982.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 11.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.55:1.

Head: rough-scaled, mixed with long hairs of pale smoke grey, sepia and cartridge buff (from base to tip) around eyes as
well as base of antennae, eyes black; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits occurs
behind the upper half of the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches, scales pale smoke
grey; branches of antennae seven times width of the shaft, narrow, covered with short hairs in pairs projecting inwards from
tip to base, tip of branch acuminate with two thorn-like scales, branches strongly bent towards tip of antenna, do touch each
other; distance between branches at base two times width of branch; labial palpi long, narrow, as long as diameter of eye and
densely covered with light brownish olive scales mixed with hairs of cartridge buff. Thorax: patagia and tegulae glossy,
densely covered with long scales of pale smoke grey, mixed with scales of olivaceous black and cartridge buff; a small crest
of pale smoke grey and olivaceous black on metathorax. Abdomen: largely cartridge buff, mixed with hairs of light
brownish olive. Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi covered with long, glossy hairs of ivory yellow; hindlegs with two pairs of
short spurs, 0.8 mm, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside rough-scaled, pale smoke grey with small striae as
well as patches of light greyish olive and olivaveous black; along the costal margin spots of olivaceous black; termen light
greyish olive; below lower median and CuA, three rounded spots of pinkish buff; cilia glossy, long, 1.2 mm, ivory yellow at
base, tips alternating pure white and light greyish olive. Underside rough-scaled, light greyish olive, glossy. Venation: cell
slightly longer than half length of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median,
CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3 and M, separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole
elongated, slightly protruding upper angle; R;+R,+R; from top of areole, long stalked; R2 from areole; R, from upper angle;
Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle shorter than
upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete towards base. Hindwing: upperside light greyish olive, glossy; cilia long, 1.2 mm, ivory
yellow at base, pure white at tips. Underside like in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than the half length of
the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A present, CuP rudimentary; CuA, as in forewing; CuA;, M3 and M) from lower angle, M3 and
M, separated; M, and Rs on a long stalk and emerging from upper angle that is open towards termen; no bar to Sc+R,, the

latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle

3)//

shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus rudimentary; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm
ring which is broad on its entire length; in between the upper half of tegumen a broad plate-like structure; valvae broad at
base, two lobes present, narrow, upper lobe long with tiny setae at the rounded tip; lower lobe slightly broader than upper
lobe, setae along its dorsal edge; a valval apodeme present above the juxta; sacculus small, narrow; uncus elongated, narrow
(lateral view), bifid, tips acuminate with setae that extend towards an appendage at the base of uncus; in between the tips of
the uncus a deep emargination; juxta broad, heart-shaped. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, narrow, long, almost as long as upper
lobe, rounded basally, resembling a swallow tail distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. haberlandorum spec. nov. is related to A. iridescens due to similarities in the antenna-wing ratio, in the
venation of fore- and hindwings as well as in the genitalia. A second related species is A. franziskae spec. nov. Noteworthy is
a broad plate-like structure in between the upper half of the tegumen in both species; a similar shaped uncus that is shorter
and broader with a less deep emargination in A. franziskae spec. nov. as well as the similar shaped lobes. Differences exist in
the antenna-wing ratio that is 0.72:1 in A. franziskae spec. nov., that is one of the highest ratios among the Metarbelidae. In
the hindwing, M, and Rs are long stalked in A. haberlandorum spec. nov., but emerging from nearly the same point from the
upper angle in the former species.

Habitat: The Cederberg (this spelling was approved on 03" April 1981, instead of Cedarberg) is a mountain range ca. 90 km
long and ca. 25 km wide, located in the Western Cape Province, roughly east of the towns Clanwilliam and Citrusdal. The
area belongs to the “Cape Floristic Region” (cf. Taylor, 1978; Kruger, 1979) and lies close to its northwestern boundary, as
well as to the “Cape regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983). The Cape Floristic Region is one of 34 hotspots of
biodiversity that exist worldwide, and is one of the five Mediterranean-type systems among the hotspots list. It has about
9000 plant species of which 6210 are endemic (Cowling & Pierce, 2004). Although ecological convergences exist — e.g., its
warm-temperate climate, the importance of fires, the dominance of evergreen sclerophyllous shrublands — to the four
Mediterranean-type hotspots, in particular to southwestern Australia and to the Mediterranean Basin, the differences are
stronger than the similarities (e.g., Goldblatt, 1978; Cowling et al., 2005). Since the Cederberg lies close to the northern limit
of the Cape Fold Belt, it borders the Succulent Karoo in the north and partly in the east. Hence, it is a meeting place for
Succulent Karoo species, but also for eastern forest as well as thicket species, e.g., from the Drakensberg. The mountains of
the Cederberg rise steeply from the Olifants River Valley in the west. For example, the highest peak Sneeuberg (2027 m) is
only 17 km from Citrusdal (altitude: 170 m). About 80 % of the rain falls in the three winter months. Above 1000 m, like in
Middelberg (altitude: 1222 m), the average annual rainfall is 939 mm, but at the Algeria Forest Station (altitude: 517 m), it is
647 mm (type locality). The prevalent vegetation of the Cape Region is fynbos. It characteristically occurs in the form of 1-3
m tall sclerophyllous or ericoid shrublands. Temperate forest types occur and are related to the Afromontane forest. For
example, Starrenberg reported of large forests that occurred on the Cederberg in the year 1705; Alexander mentioned in 1836
that steep river banks “... have many mimosas and willows ...” (Skead, 1980). Widdringtonia cedarbergensis Marsh is one of
those species that covered once large areas, mainly in the type of woodlands, but due to ruthless exploitation, heavy grazing,
and frequent extensive wildfires, most of the stands do not longer exist or are degraded. Secondary vegetation is common
today, e.g., shrubland dominated by the “rhenosterbos” (Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less). Taylor (1996) treated the
Cederberg as an important local centre of radiation due to the fact, that the Cederberg plant genera, on average, contain more
species than their southwestern counterparts. The dominant landscape of the Cederberg are long, linear plateaus which are
covered by “Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation” sensu Rebelo et al. (2006) at altitudes of 400-1650 m. At lower limits
of 500-1300 m occurs “Ceres Shale Renosterveld” sensu Rebelo et al. (2006) and at altitudes of 180-700 m, as at the
Olifants River valley, “Citrusdal Vygieveld” sensu Mucina et al. (2006).

The astonishing number of five new Arbelodes species, which are probably all endemic to the Cape Floristic Region or
perhaps to the Cederberg, supports the view of Taylor (1996), that the area is a local centre of species radiation. The
Cederberg seems to be also an area with stable ecological and climatic conditions, perhaps for millions of years, based on its
high number of endemic Metarbelidae, similarly to other ancient mountain ranges or coastal areas in Tanzania and Kenya (cf.
Lehmann & Kioko, 2005; Lehmann 2008a, b; Lehmann 2010). The Rondegat — where all the five species have been

recorded — has its source in the Cederberg and flows in a north-westerly direction for ca. 25 km to join the Olifants River at

Clanwilliam Dam. The catchment is 111 km? in area and receives an average annual rainfall of 700 mm. In its upper reaches,
the river flows through often pristine fynbos, then through a catchment with pine and citrus plantations, cattle pasture, areas
of dense infestation by alien trees and a forestry village (Lowe er al., 2008). The collecting site was located among a
relatively dense, narrow, indigenous woody riverine vegetation with tall trees (W. Mey pers. comm.). This site was most
probably located at an altitude below 550 m. Woody species comprise the indigenous in-stream tree Salix mucronata Thunb.
as well as tall trees of Podocarpus elongatus (Aiton) L’ Hér. and the shrub Clutia pulchella L. River kloof thickets below 550
m were described in detail by Taylor (1996) for rivers — as the Rondegat — draining westwards into the Olifants River.
Dominants comprise endemic tree species of the Capensis as Brabejum stellatifolium L. and the paleoendemic Metrosideros
angustifolia (L.) Sm. as well as the shrub Prionium serratum (L.f.) Drége. Non-dominants include also endemic trees of the
Capensis as Brachylaena neriifolia (L.) R. Br., the restioid Calopsis paniculata (Rottb.) Desv. and Rhus angustifolia L. The
latter is particularly common in thickets of the southern Cederberg. Noteworthy are Succulent Karoo elements like
Euphorbia mauritanica L. and Rhus undulata Jacq. that penetrate southward from Clanwilliam into the valleys of the
Olifants, Rondegat and Jan Dissels River.

Ecology: A. haberlandorum spec. nov. is classified as a submontane and montane species. It is associated with woody
riparian habitats that include Southern Afrotemperate Forest elements related to the Afromontane Region, Cape thicket
elements and Succulent Karoo elements.

Distribution: A. haberlandorum spec. nov. is known only from the Cederberg. It is preliminarily classified as an endemic

species of the Cape Floristic Region and as a potential endemic to the Cederberg.

Arbelodes shimonii spec. nov.

Plate 4, figure 17; figures 17 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, S.A., Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Algeria, Farm Jamaka, Rondegat River,
21.March.2005, W. Mey leg., ex ZMHB, genitalia slide number 09/012010 I. Lehmann (deposited in the ZMHB).
Etymology: The species is named for my son Shimoni Lehmann who accompanied me on three journeys (2003-2006) to the
coastal forests of Kenya.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 12.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.58:1.

Head: rough-scaled, glossy, tilleul-buff mixed with long hairs of brownish olive around eyes as well as base of antennae,
eyes wood brown with large black patches; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits
occurs behind the lower half of the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches, scales pearl
grey; branches of antennae eight times width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs in pairs projecting inwards from tip to base,
tip of branch acuminate with two thorn-like scales, branches strongly bent towards tip of antenna, but do not touch each
other; distance between branches at base 1.5 times width of branch; labial palpi long, narrow, as long as diameter of eye and
densely covered with brownish olive scales mixed with long hairs of the same colour. Thorax: patagia pearl grey with a
brownish olive collar ring; tegulae glossy, densely covered with long scales of pearl grey; two small crests of pearl grey with
brownish olive tips on metathorax. Abdomen: tilleul buff mixed with hairs that have dawn grey tips. Legs: femora and tibiae
with tilleul buff scales as well as long, glossy hairs; tarsi covered with glossy scales of tilleul buff; hindlegs with two pairs of
long, narrow spurs, 1.1 mm, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside rough-scaled, very glossy, smoke grey; along
the costal margin spots of deep olive-grey; a broad, pure white terminal band, edged tilleul buff and brownish olive; cell at
base brownish olive, pure white and antimony yellow at centre, edged brownish olive; below lower median and CuAz largely
pure white with several patches of Isabella colour edged brownish olive; cilia glossy, long, 1.1 mm long, tilleul buff at base,
alternating pure white and pale olive-grey at tips. Underside rough-scaled, greyish olive, glossy. Venation: cell slightly
shorter than half the length of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median, CuA,
from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3 and Mp separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole
elongated, protruding upper angle; R; from top of the areole but its base is separated from R,+R3, which are long stalked and

also emerge from the areole; R2 from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to Rj; discocellular angled

inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete towards base.
Hindwing: upperside faded, greyish olive, glossy, small white patches along termen; cilia long, 1.2 mm, as in forewing.
Underside as in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A
obsolete, CuP present; CuA, as in forewing; CuA, M; and M, from lower angle, M; and M,) separated; M, and Rs on a long
stalk and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R, which crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of
its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia:
saccus absent; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring that is very broad on its entire length; in between the upper
half of tegumen no plate-like structure; valvae broad, two lobes present, narrow; upper lobe long with tiny setae on the
ventral side and at the rounded tip; lower lobe thorn-like, without setae; valval apodeme absent; sacculus small, narrow;
uncus short, broad (ventral view), no hole at its base on the dorsal surface, bifid, tips acuminate with setae extending towards
base of uncus, in between the tips a deep and rounded emargination; juxta elongated with a deep emargination. Aedeagus
simple, tube-like, broad, horn-like in shape, rounded basally, resembling a small swallow-tail distally; vesica without cornuti.
Diagnosis: A. shimonii spec. nov. is closest related to A. dicksoni spec. nov. (see below) based on a similar wing pattern, an
almost identical venation of fore- and hindwing as well as a similar male genitalia. Nevertheless, the genitalia of A. dicksoni
spec. nov. is different in the following four characters: Firstly, the uncus is longer, less broad and its emargination is not
deep; secondly, the tegumen and vinculum are fused, forming a firm ring that is less broad on its entire length; thirdly, the
upper lobe is strongly bent towards the uncus; fourthly, the aedeagus is not horn-like in shape. The antenna-wing ratio of
0.58:1 in A. shimonii spec. nov. is well below the ratio of other new species that occur sympatric on the Cederberg, as A.
kruegeri spec. nov. and A. franziskae spec. nov. Noteworthy is, that A. dicksoni spec. nov. has an antenna-wing ratio of
0.50:1 which is currently the lowest among the Arbelodes in the Cape Floristic Region.

Habitat: cf. A. haberlandorum spec. nov.

Ecology: A. shimonii spec. nov. is classified as a submontane and montane species. It is associated with woody riparian
habitats that include Southern Afrotemperate Forest elements related to the Afromontane Region, Cape thicket elements and
Succulent Karoo elements.

Distribution: A. shimonii spec. nov. is known only from the Cederberg. It is preliminary classified as an endemic species of

the Cape Floristic Region, where its closest related species occurs. It is a potential endemic of the Cederberg.

Arbelodes dicksoni spec. nov.

Plate 4, figure 18; figures 18 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, S.A., Western Cape Province, Cape Town, 08..May.1937, C.G.C. Dickson leg., ex
TMSA, genitalia slide number 30/082008 I. Lehmann (deposited in the TMSA).

Etymology: The species is named for Charles Gordon Campbell Dickson who collected the holotype and died in his home
Blencathra, St. Michael’s Estate, on 30th August 1991 aged 83. Charles Dickson lived in Cape Town his entire life. He
became the leading authority on the butterflies of the Western Cape, was awarded an honorary Masters degree (entomology)
by the University of Cape Town, although he was an engineer by education, and he set up a bursary/scholarship trust fund at
the university.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 10.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.50:1.

Head: rough-scaled, glossy, ivory yellow around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes wood brown with black spots; a pair
of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits occur behind the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate,
scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches, scales pure white; branches of antennae eight times width of shaft, narrow,
covered with hairs in pairs projecting inwards from tip to base, tip of branch acuminate with two thorn-like scales, branches
strongly bent towards tip of antenna, do not touch each other; distance between branches at base 1.5 times width of branch;
labial palpi long, narrow, as long as diameter of eye and densely covered with ivory yellow scales mixed with long hairs of
the same colour. Thorax: patagia and tegulae glossy, densely covered with long, pure white hairs mixed with ivory yellow;

two small crests of ivory yellow on metathorax. Abdomen: largely pure white, mixed with hairs of ivory yellow, abdominal

tuft ivory yellow. Legs: femora and tibiae with long, glossy, pure white hairs, mixed with ivory yellow; tarsi covered with
glossy scales of ivory yellow; hindlegs with two pairs of narrow spurs, 0.7 mm long, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing:
upperside rough-scaled, glossy, ivory yellow; costal margin with spots of ivory yellow; a broad, pure white terminal band,
edged ivory yellow; cell ivory yellow, but pure white at centre; below base of lower median a large patch of ivory yellow
extending to inner margin; below CuA, largely pure white with one small patch of ivory yellow; cilia glossy, long, 1.2 mm,
alternating pure white and ivory yellow. Underside rough-scaled, ivory yellow, glossy, costa warm buff. Venation: cell
slightly longer than half the length of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median,
CuA;, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M; and M) separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole
elongated, protruding upper angle; Rs; from near top of areole; R4+R; from top of areole, long stalked; R» from areole; R,
from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to Rj; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angie open towards termen; lower
angle shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete towards base. Hindwing: upperside ivory yellow, glossy; cilia long, 1.4
mm, coloured as in forewing. Underside as in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the
wing; 3A present, 1A+2A obsolete, CuP not seen; CuA, as in forewing; CuA, M3 and M) from lower angle, M3 and M)
separated; M, and Rs on a stalk and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+Rj, the latter crosses the base of the upper
median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle,
veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus absent; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring that is broad on its entire
length; in between the upper half of the tegumen no plate-like structure; valvae broad at base, two lobes present, narrow,
upper lobe long, strongly bent towards uncus with few tiny setae on the ventral side and at the rounded tip; lower lobe thorn-
like with setae on the dorsal side; valval apodeme absent; sacculus small, narrow; uncus long, broad (ventral view), no hole at
its base dorsally, bifid, tips acuminate with setae extending towards base of uncus, in between the tips a small and rounded
emargination; juxta elongated with a deep emargination. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, broader and rounded basally, bud-like
distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. dicksoni spec. nov. is closest related to A. shimonii spec. nov., but is smaller in size and has shorter, less
elongated forewings that have at the base of the wing a large ivory yellow patch from below lower median to the dorsum.
Habitat: Cape Town (altitude 6-12 m; average annual rainfall 517 mm) is located in the Western Cape Province, bordering
the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The area belongs to the “Cape Floristic Region” (Taylor, 1978; Kruger, 1979) as well as to
the “Cape regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983). A common vegetation type of the Cape Town metropolitan
area, and near the University of Cape Town, is ,, Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos“ sensu Rebelo et al. (2006) at an altitude of 20-
1086 m. The vegetation is a medium dense, tall proteoid shrubland over a dense moderately tall, ericoid-leaved shrubland.
The number of endemic plant species is very high, including the small tree Mimetes fimbriifolius Salisb. Examples of small
trees or tail shrubs comprise Leucospermum conocarpodendron ssp. viridum Rourke, Protea lepidocarpodendron (L.) L.,
Metalasia densa (Lam.) P.O. Karis and Erica tristis Bartl. ,,St. Michael’s Estate“ is an older term for a suburb of Cape
Town, now called Tamboers Kloof, located less than 2 km southeast from Signal Hill (altitude 350 m), Cape Town
metropolitan area, north from Table Mountain (altitude 1086 m). The former house of Charles Dickson is just below Signal
Hill. Both areas are covered by ,, Peninsula Shale Renosterveld“ sensu Rebelo et al. (2006) at an altitude of 0-350 m. This is
an open shrubland and grassland with frequent fires every 3-5 years. It includes Cape thicket species, e.g., the tall shrub
Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl. On Signal Hill, characteristic species are low shrubs as Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.)
Less. (an indicator of secondary vegetation), Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) H. Buek. and Cliffortia polygonifolia L.

Ecology: A. dicksoni spec. nov. is classified as a lowland and submontane species. Its habitat is associated with Cape
thickets and frequent fires. Hence, A. dicksoni spec. nov. must be fire-tolerant. It appears to be adapted to southern African
subtropical thicket vegetation for which drought, fires and gap-producing tree/shrub mortality are umimportant for
defoliation.

Distribution: A. dicksoni spec. nov. is known only from Cape Town. It is preliminarily classified as an endemic species of
the Cape Floristic Region. It might be rare since only one specimen is known from an area which was well studied by Charles

Dickson for many years.

Arbelodes varii spec. nov.

Plate 4, figure 19; figures 19 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, S.A., Western Cape Province, Bloubergstrand, 15.February.1977, L. & G. Vari leg., ex
TMSA, genitalia slide number 31/082008 I. Lehmann (deposited in the TMSA).

Etymology: The species is named for Lajos Vari who collected the holotype together with his wife Geer. Lajos Vari was
born in Budapest, Hungary 1916, and was adopted by foster parents in Holland as a young child due to the tragic
circumstances relating to World War 1. He achieved a doctorate, and worked many years as curator and later Head of the
Lepidoptera Department at the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, until his retirement in 1976.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 10.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.60:1.

Head: rough-scaled, glossy, olive hairs around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes black; a pair of small pits on lower part
of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits occurs behind the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and
dorsal side of branches, scales olive; branches of antennae seven times width of shaft, narrow, hairs in pairs projecting
inwards from tip to base, tip of branch acuminate with two or three finger-like scales, branches strongly bent towards tip of
antenna, but do not touch each other; distance between branches at base narrow, about width of branch; labial palpi long,
narrow, longer than diameter of eye and densely covered with olive scales. Thorax: patagia and tegulae glossy, densely
covered with long, warm buff hairs mixed with sepia at their tips; the sepia colour forms a collar ring; two small crests of
warm buff on metathorax. Abdomen: largely warm buff, abdominal tuft sepia and warm buff. Legs: only forelegs present;
femora and tibiae with long, glossy, warm buff hairs, mixed with sepia, tarsi covered with glossy scales of warm buff.
Forewing: upperside rough-scaled, light yellowish olive; along the costal margin spots of sepia; three small pure white spots
at apex; a broad terminal band of light yellowish olive mixed with olive-ocher, edged sepia; cell with an oval shaped spot of
olive-ocher, edged sepia; below base of lower median two large pure white patches; below CuA, two smaller pure white
patches; cilia glossy, long, 1.0 mm, light yellowish olive. Underside rough-scaled, light yellowish olive. Venation: cell
slightly longer than half the length of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median,
CuA, from half the distance of CuA to M3; veins M3 and M) separated and from lower angle; a strong fold above base of
M). M; from upper angle; areole elongated, protruding upper angle; R; from near top of areole; R4+R; from top of areole,
long stalked; R, from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle
open towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete towards base. Hindwing: upperside
glossy, sepia, several veins light yellowish olive; cilia long, 1.0 mm, light yellowish olive. Underside as in forewing;
frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A obsolete, CuP not seen; CuA, as
in forewing; CuA, M; and M) from lower angle, M3 and M) separated; M, and Rs on a long stalk and emerging from upper
angle; no bar to Sc+R,, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular
angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell obsolete towards base. Genitalia: saccus
absent; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring which is broad on its entire length; in between the upper half of the
tegumen no plate-like structure; valvae broad at base, two lobes present, narrow; upper lobe long, bent towards uncus, long
setae on the ventral side and at the rounded tip; lower lobe thorn-like, with long setae mainly on the ventral side; valval
apodeme absent; sacculus small, narrow; uncus long, broad (ventral view), no hole at its base dorsally, bifid, tips acuminate
with setae extending towards below base of uncus, in between the tips a small and rounded emargination; juxta broad without
an emargination. Aedeagus simple, tube-like, broader and rounded basally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. varii spec. nov. is related to A. dicksoni spec. nov. based on the similar venation (M, and Rs on a long stalk; Rs
from near top of areole; R4+R3 from top of areole, long stalked). An outstanding difference between both species is the
antenna-wing ratio of 0.60:1 in the former and 0.50:1 in the latter, respectively. An antenna-wing ratio of equal to or greater
than 0.60:1 has been found in one forest species from the Eastern Cape Province (A. flavicolor), in several species from the
Cederberg (Western Cape Province) and in several species extending from the Cape Floristic Region via western Namibia to
Windhoek in the north. The male genitalia of A. varii spec. nov. has a narrow tegumen and its two lobes have more setae than

in A. dicksoni spec. nov.

Habitat: Bloubergstrand (altitude 5-25 m; average annual rainfall 375 mm) is located close to the Atlantic Ocean in the
Western Cape Province and ca. 16 km north from Cape Town. The town is named after the Blouberg (altitude 331 m;
average annual rainfall 488 mm) which is a hill just inland from the coastline. The area belongs to the “Cape Floristic
Region” (Taylor 1978; Kruger, 1979) as well as to the “Cape regional centre of endemism” sensu White (1983). Around
Bloubergstrand occurs ,,Cape Seashore Vegetation“ sensu Mucina et al. (2006) on beaches, coastal dunes and coastal cliffs.
It is an open grassy, herbaceous, dwarf-shrubby and sometimes succulent vegetation type. Shrubs include, e.g., Lycium
tetrandrum Thunb., Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl and several succulent shrub species of the genus Drosanthemum. Further
inland, and towards the Blouberg, the area is covered by ,,Cape Flats Sand Fynbos“ sensu Rebelo et al. (2006). This is a
dense, moderately tall, ericoid shrubland with scattered tall shrubs. It is a type of fynbos that is richer than the other West
Coast sand fynbos types, above all in woody shrubs and Proteaceae. Characteristic species of Cape thickets comprise the tall
shrubs Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (Lam.) Walp. and Rhus lucida L. Other important species are, for example, Protea
burchellii Stapf and P. repens (L.) L. It is noteworthy, that more than 80 % of the original area of ,, Cape Flats Sand Fynbos“
has been transformed or mismanaged.

Ecology: A. varii spec. nov. is classified as a lowland species. Its habitat is associated with Cape thickets and dwarf-shrubby
seashore vegetation. It is currently one of the few Arbelodes species that occurs along a portion of the West Coast which is
under the influence of cold seawater from the Benguela Current, and hence, characterized by a low as well as seasonal
rainfall (winter-rainfall peak).

Distribution: A. varii spec. nov. is known only from Bloubergstrand. It is classified as a potential endemic species of the

Cape Floristic Region.

Arbelodes franziskae spec. nov.

Plate 4, figure 20; figures 20 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, S.A., Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Algeria, Farm Jamaka, Rondegat River,
16.April.2006, K. Gainsford leg., ex ZMHB, genitalia slide number 31/012010 I. Lehmann (deposited in the ZMHB).
Etymology: The species is named for Franziska Dorothea Sommerlatte (Cape Town), who was born in Nairobi, and who
often accompanied me during her childhood to discover the beauty of the flora and Lepidoptera of the Athi River Kapiti
Plains (Kenya) in 1989-2000.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 9.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.72:1.

Head: rough-scaled, smoke grey mixed with long hairs of greyish olive around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes wood
brown with black patches; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits occurs behind the
lower half of the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches, scales pale smoke grey;
branches of antennae eight times width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs in pairs projecting inwards from tip to base, tip of
branch acuminate with two or three thorn-like scales, branches strongly bent towards tip of antenna, and hence, the branches
touch each other towards tip; distance between branches at base wide, about two times width of branch; labial palpi long,
narrow, as long as diameter of eye and densely covered with smoke grey scales. Thorax: patagia densely covered with long,
smoke grey hairs that are mixed with sepia and pallid mouse grey, a collar ring of sepia; tegulae mainly pallid mouse grey
mixed with sepia; two small crests of smoke grey mixed with sepia on metathorax. Abdomen: pale olive-buff, abdominal tuft
present. Legs: femora with long, dense hairs of greyish olive with pure white tips, mixed with black hairs; tibiae and tarsi
with greyish olive scales mixed with black; hindlegs with two pairs of spurs, narrow, long, 1.2 mm, lower pair 1.1 mm,
overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside faded, rough-scaled, glossy, smoke grey; an oblique streak of sepia from
apex to half of CuA,, probably edged pinkish buff towards termen; below lower median one large pure white patch, edged
sepia; below CuA,) a smaller pure white patch edged sepia; pinkish buff towards the dorsum; cilia glossy, long, 1.0 mm, at
base pale olive buff, tips sepia mixed with smoke grey. Underside rough-scaled, light greyish olive, glossy. Venation: cell

longer than half the length of the wing; 1A+2A long forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median,

CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M; and M) separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole
elongated, protruding upper angle; Rs+R,+R;3 from the same point at top of areole, R4+R3 long stalked; R> from areole; R,
from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled slightly inwardly, upper angle open towards termen;
lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell rather obsolete. Hindwing: upperside greyish olive, glossy; cilia as
in forewing. Underside as in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the wing; 3A present,
1A+2A obsolete, CuP present; CuA, as in forewing; CuA, M3 and M) from lower angle, M3; and M, separated; M, and Rs
not from the same point, slightly separated at base and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R,, the latter crosses the
base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle shorter than upper
angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus small, rounded at tip; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring,
tegumen narrow, vinculum broader towards the ventral side; in between the upper half of tegumen a thin plate-like structure
(best visible immediately after dissection); valvae broad at base, two lobes present, narrow; upper lobe long, bent towards
uncus with setae on the whole ventral side and at the rounded tip; lower lobe thorn-like with setae mainly on the ventral side;
a gap, almost triangular, in between the ventral side of valvae and vinculum; below the vinculum a hook-like structure
(viewed laterally); valval apodeme absent; sacculus small, narrow; uncus elongated, no hole at its base dorsally, bifid, a
rounded deep emargination, tips acuminate with setae extending towards below base of uncus; juxta broad, heart-shaped.
Aedeagus simple, funnel-like, broader and rounded basally, resembling a swallow-tail distally; vesica without cornuti.
Diagnosis: A. franziskae spec. nov. is related to A. varii spec. nov. because of a similar male genitalia. The narrow tegumen
and the two lobes which are covered with many setae are two common characters. An outstanding difference is the antenna-
wing ratio of 0.72:1 in A. franziskae spec. nov. that is currently the highest among Arbelodes. Similar antenna-wing ratios
have been found in two other species from the same locality, namely in A. agassizi spec. nov. (0.65:1) and A. kruegeri spec.
nov. (0.69:1) as well as in A. dupreezi spec. nov. (0.64:1) and A. heringi (Janse) (0.70:1) from western Namibia. Remarkable
characters of A. franziskae spec. nov. include a long fork of 1A+2A; the slightly separated M, and Rs in the hindwing
(stalked in all other Arbelodes) and the hook-like structure (with a rounded tip when viewed ventrally) below the vinculum.
The latter character occurs in A. deprinsi spec. nov. and A. albitorquata (Hampson). However, both species are not related to
A. franziskae spec. nov. since they have, for example, a very broad tegumen and vinculum.

Habitat: cf A. haberlandorum spec. nov.

Ecology: A. franziskae spec. nov. is classified as a submontane and montane species. It is associated with woody riparian
habitats that include Southern Afrotemperate Forest elements related to the Afromontane Region, Cape thicket elements and
Succulent Karoo elements.

Distribution: A. franziskae spec. nov. is known only from the Cederberg. It is preliminarily classified as an endemic species
of the Cape Floristic Region, where its closest related species occurs north from Cape Town. It is a potential endemic of the

Cederberg.

Arbelodes agassizi spec. nov.

Plate 4, figure 21; figures 21 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, S.A., Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Algeria, Farm Jamaka, Rondegat River,
21.March.2005, W. Mey leg., ex ZMHB, genitalia slide number 15/012010 I. Lehmann (deposited in the ZMHB).
Etymology: The species is named in honour of Dr David Agassiz (Weston-super-Mare, UK) who worked as a parish priest
(Anglican church) until 1990 in Essex. Interestingly, he later completed his PhD in ecology and worked as a Training Officer
and Lepidopterist at the International Institute of Entomology until 1996 when he became a Scientific Associate at The
Natural History Museum (London) and still explores the Lepidoptera diversity on the genus Acacia in the Rift Valley, Kenya,
where he lived and worked during 1998-2000. At the moment he is the General Secretary of the Societas Europaea
Lepidopterologica e.V. (SEL).

Description of the male (holotype) |

Forewing length 10.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.65:1.

Head: small, a peculiar elongated shape in between eyes and base of antennae; rough-scaied, glossy, pale smoke grey mixed
with long hairs of pure white and black around eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes black; a pair of small pits on lower part
of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits occurs behind the lower half of the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled
on shaft and dorsal side of branches, scales pale smoke grey; branches of antennae seven times width of shaft, narrow,
covered with hairs in pairs projecting inwards from tip to base, tip of branch acuminate with two thorn-like scales, branches
strongly bent towards tip of antenna and touch each other; distance between branches (at base) 1.5 times width of branch;
labial palpi long, narrow, as long as diameter of eye, densely covered with buffy brown scales, mixed with black hairs.
Thorax: patagia glossy, densely covered with long scales which are black at centre but pure white at tip and pale smoke grey
towards base, forming a collar ring; tegulae as patagia with two small crests on metathorax. Abdomen: smoke grey mixed
with hairs of ivory yellow including the abdominal tuft. Legs: femora and tibiae covered with long, pale smoke grey hairs,
glossy; tarsi densely scaled, pale smoke grey mixed with black; hindlegs with two pairs of spurs, narrow, long, 1.2 mm, lower
pair 1.0 mm, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside rough-scaled, glossy, light greyish olive; along the costa deep
greyish olive spots; terminal band light greyish olive, edged pure white towards base of wing; lunules along the termen light
greyish olive edged pure white; subterminal band oblique from near apex to near tornus, broad, greyish olive, edged on both
sides with deep greyish olive patches; below lower median and near base of wing two pure white patches, edged sepia; below
CuA, two pure white spots edged sepia as well as light greyish olive; cilia glossy, long, 1.0 mm, at base greyish olive, tips
light greyish olive. Underside on the whole wing rough-scaled, smoke grey mixed with deep greyish olive, glossy. Venation:
cell longer than half the length of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one third of lower median,
CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3 and M) separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole
elongated, protruding upper angle; R; from near top of areole; R4+R; from top of areole and long stalked; R, from areole; R;
from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to R,; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower
angle shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete towards base. Hindwing: upperside buffy olive, glossy; cilia as in
forewing. Underside as in forewing; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the wing; 3A present,
1A+2A obsolete, CuP present; CuA, as in forewing; CuA;, M3 and M) from lower angle, M; and M) separated; M, and Rs
from the same point, slightly stalked and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+R,, the latter crosses the base of the upper
median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle shorter than upper angle, veinlet in
cell present. Genitalia: saccus very small, rounded at tip; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring that is broad on
its entire length; in between the upper half of the tegumen a thin plate-like structure (best visible immediately after
dissection); valvae broad at base, two lobes present; upper lobe broad, long, bent towards uncus, setae on the whole ventral
side and at the rounded tip; lower lobe thorn-like with setae mainly on the ventral side; a large triangular gap in between the
ventral side of valvae and vinculum; below the vinculum no hook-like structure; valval apodeme absent; sacculus small,
narrow; uncus elongated, no hole at its base dorsally, bifid, tips acuminate with setae extending towards below base of uncus,
in between the tips a rounded, very deep emargination (half the length of uncus); juxta rather narrow, heart-shaped. Aedeagus
simple, funnel-like, broader and rounded basally, resembling a swallow-tail distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. agassizi spec. nov. is closely related to A. kruegeri spec. nov. due to: Firstly, a similar antenna-wing ratio of
0.65:1 in the former and 0.69:1 in the latter species; secondly, an almost identical wing venation (the only difference is that
M, and Rs are long stalked in A. kruegeri spec. nov. but not in A. agassizi spec. nov.) and thirdly, a similar male genitalia.
Nevertheless, both species were separated here because of the following characters in A. kruegeri spec. nov.: Firstly, it is a
much larger species and has a different pattern on the forewing. Secondly, the saccus is much longer and larger. The large
triangular gap (only visible when viewed laterally) between the ventral side of the shorter lobe and the vinculum as well as
the very deep emargination in the uncus are characteristics of A. agassizi spec. nov. The large rounded structure (a kind of
valval apodeme ?) above the juxta with many short setae on the dorsal surface is entirely absent in A. agassizi spec. nov.
Noteworthy is, that the small head with a peculiar elongated shape in between eyes and base of antennae has also been
observed in A. flavicolor (Janse).

Habitat: cf: A. haberlandorum spec. nov.

Ecology: A. agassizi spec. nov. is classified as a submontane and montane species. It is associated with woody riparian
habitats that include Southern Afrotemperate Forest elements related to the Afromontane Region, Cape thicket elements and
Succulent Karoo elements.

Distribution: A. agassizi spec. nov. is known only from the Cederberg. It is preliminarily classified as an endemic species of
the Cape Floristic Region, where its closest related species occurs sympatric along the Rondegat River. It is a potential

endemic of the Cederberg.

Arbelodes kruegeri spec. nov.

Plate 4, figure 22; figures 22 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, S.A., Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Algeria, Farm Jamaka, Rondegat River,
21.March.2005, W. Mey leg., ex ZMHB, genitalia slide number 02/1 12009 I. Lehmann (deposited in the ZMHB).
Etymology: The species is named in honour of Dr Martin Kriiger, a professional lepidopterist, who is the Head of the
Department of Invertebrates (Lepidoptera) and currently the acting Director of the Transvaal Museum of Natural History
(TMSA, Pretoria). I am very grateful to him for giving me the opportunity to study unique type specimens and other
Metarbelidae from the collection of the TMSA.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 13.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.69:1.

Head: rough-scaled, glossy, largely with scales of deep greyish olive mixed with long hairs of buffy brown and black around
eyes as well as base of antennae, eyes vinaceous with black patches; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus
absent, but a pair of small pits occurs behind the lower half of the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and
dorsal side of branches, scales deep greyish olive; branches of antennae eight times the width of shaft, narrow, covered with
hairs in pairs projecting inwards from tip to base, tip of branch acuminate with one or two thorn-like scales, branches strongly
bent towards tip of antenna, touch each other; distance between branches (at base) 1.5 times the width of branch; labial palpi
short, narrow, less than diameter of eye and densely covered with buffy brown scales, mixed with black hairs. Thorax:
patagia glossy, densely covered with long scales which are deep greyish olive and black, some are pure white at tip, forming
a collar ring; tegulae glossy, deep greyish olive; two small crests on metathorax. Abdomen: ecru-olive mixed with hairs of
ivory yellow including the abdominal tuft. Legs: femora and tibiae covered with long hairs, deep greyish olive, mixed with
pure white, glossy; tarsi densely scaled, deep greyish olive; hindlegs with two pairs of spurs, narrow, long, 1.2 mm, lower
pair 1.0 mm, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside rough-scaled, glossy, light greyish olive; along the costa deep
greyish olive spots; terminal and postmedial band from near apex to the dorsum, forming a narrow “0”, pale smoke grey, a
glint shine gives both bands a silvery appearance, edged sepia; lunules along the termen absent; subterminal band not glossy,
oblique from near apex to near CuA;, broad, light greyish olive, edged on both sides sepia; below lower median and near
base of the wing two pure white patches, edged sepia; below base of CuA, a pure white spot edged sepia; upper and lower
median smoke grey; cilia glossy, long, 1.3 mm, at base dark olive buff, tips smoke grey. Underside rough-scaled, ecru-olive,
glossy. Venation: cell longer than half the length of the wing; 1A+2A long forked at base (fork almost one-third of the length
of 1A+2A), CuP obsolete; CuA, from almost half of lower median, CuA, from half the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3 and
M> separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole elongated, protruding upper angle; Rs; from near top of
areole; Ryt+R3 from top of areole and long stalked; R, from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to Ry;
discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete
towards base. Hindwing: upperside greyish olive, glossy; cilia as in forewing. Underside as in forewing; frenulum absent.
Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A obsolete, CuP present; CuA, as in forewing;
CuA,, M; and M, from lower angle, M3 and M, separated; M, and Rs long stalked and emerging from upper angle; no bar to
Sc+R,, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its length; discocellular angled inwardly,
lower angle shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus moderately long, rounded at tip; tegumen and
vinculum fused, forming a firm ring that is broad on its entire length; in between the upper half of tegumen a thin plate-like

structure (best visible immediately after dissection); valvae broad at base, two lobes present; upper lobe broad, long, bent

towards uncus, with setae on the whole ventral side and at the rounded tip; lower lobe thorn-like, setae mainly on ventral
side; a large triangular gap in between ventral side of valvae and vinculum absent; below the vinculum no hook-like
structure; there is a large, rounded structure (a kind of valval apodeme ?) above the juxta, attached to the upper lobe and to
the vinculum, the dorsal surface of this structure is covered with many short setae; sacculus small, narrow; uncus elongated
with a small hole at its base dorsally, bifid, tips acuminate with setae extending towards base of uncus, in between the tips a
rounded, small emargination; juxta broad, heart-shaped. Aedeagus simple, funnel-like, broader and rounded basally, narrow,
resembling a swallow-tail distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. kruegeri spec. nov. is closely related to A. agassizi spec. nov. Additionally to the differences mentioned above,
it is noteworthy, that the strong glint shine with a silvery appearance, in particular on the terminal and postmedial band, is a
very rare feature among the Metarbelidae. This rare feature is also known in A. shimonii spec. nov. that occurs sympatric with
A. kruegeri spec. nov. as well as in two undescribed Salagena species from Durban (South Africa) and Mzuzu (Malawi).
Habitat: cf. A. haberlandorum spec. nov.

Ecology: A. kruegeri spec. nov. is classified as a submontane and montane species. It is associated with woody riparian
habitats that include Southern Afrotemperate Forest elements related to the Afromontane Region, Cape thicket elements and
Succulent Karoo elements.

Distribution: A. kruegeri spec. nov. is known only from the Cederberg. It is preliminarily classified as an endemic species
of the Cape Floristic Region, where its closest related species occurs sympatric along the Rondegat River. It is a potential

endemic of the Cederberg.

Arbelodes heringi (Janse, 1930)

Plate 5, figure 23 a, b; figures 23 a, b

Original combination: Metarbela heringi Janse, 1930

Synonyms: None

Note: Gaede (1929, plate XIV) figured a species which is named “albicostata” resembling A. heringi in the wing pattern. This
name is not accompanied by a description, nor by a definition of the taxon, nor by an indication according to Article 12.2 of
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Hence, this
name will be treated herein as “unpublished” in regard to the Metarbelidae.

Material examined: holotype male, S.W. Africa, Windhoek, no date, V. Zobrys leg., ex ZMHB, genitalia slide number
26/092009 I. Lehmann (deposited in the ZMHB).

Male, same locality, no date, Knier leg., det. as Aethiopina Gaede by F. Daniel 1949, ex ZSM, genitalia slide number
07/052010 I. Lehmann (deposited in ZSM).

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 10.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.70:1.

Head: rough-scaled, glossy, ecru-olive mixed with long hairs of the same colour around eyes as well as base of antennae,
eyes black; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits occurs behind the lower half of
the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches, greyish olive; branches of antennae seven
times the width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs in pairs, projecting inwards from tip to base, tip of branch acuminate
with two thorn-like scales, branches strongly bent towards tip of antenna, touch each other; distance between branches (at
base) 1.5 times the width of branch; labial palpi long, narrow, as long as diameter of eye and densely covered with greyish
olive scales. Thorax: patagia glossy, long and densely scaled, warm buff with hairs of sepia, forming a collar ring; tegulae
glossy, warm buff mixed with sepia; two small crests of ivory yellow hairs mixed with sepia on metathorax. Abdomen:
warm buff mixed with hairs of ivory yellow including the abdominal tuft. Legs: all legs are absent in the holotype. In the
second male mentioned above, the legs can be described as follows: femora and tibiae covered with long, ivory yellow hairs
mixed with warm buff, glossy; tarsi densely scaled ivory yellow with scattered hairs of warm buff; hindlegs with two pairs of

spurs, very narrow, long, 1.1 mm, lower pair of equal length, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside rough-

scaled, glossy, ecru-olive; along the costa smoke grey with deep greyish olive spots; terminal band pure white, edged sepia
towards base of wing; along the termen small lunules of sepia; subterminal band from near apex to the dorsum, ecru-olive,
edged sepia; below lower median and near base of wing a narrow pure white band, edged sepia, which extands in an arc-like
pattern to the base of CuA, and from here back to the base of the wing; one pure white patch at the end of CuA, extending to
the dorsum; in between the white patches light buff; a pure white and small elongated patch in the cell; cilia glossy, long, 1.2
mm, alternating white and ecru-olive. Underside on the whole wing rough-scaled, ecru-olive, glossy. Venation: cell longer
than half the length of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one-third of lower median, CuA, from half
the distance of CuA, to M3; veins M3; and M2 separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole elongated,
protruding upper angle; Rs; from near top of areole; R4+R; from top of areole and long stalked; R2 from areole; R; from upper
angle; Sc more or less parallel to Rj; discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle shorter
than upper one, veinlet in cell obsolete towards base. Hindwing: upperside ecru-olive, glossy; cilia as in forewing. Underside
rough-scaled, ecru-olive; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A
obsolete, CuP obsolete; CuA, as in forewing; CuA;, M3 and M) from lower angle, M3 and M, separated; M, and Rs stalked
and emerging from upper angle; no bar to Sc+Rj, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its
length; discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus
absent; tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring that is broad on its entire length, vinculum broader; in between the
upper half of tegumen a thin plate-like structure (best visible immediately after dissection); valvae broad at base, two lobes
present; upper lobe broad, long, bent towards uncus, setae on the whole ventral side and at the rounded, elongated tip; lower
lobe thorn-like with setae mainly on the ventral side; a gap in between the ventral side of valvae and vinculum absent; below
the vinculum no hook-like structure; there is a large, rounded structure (a kind of valval apodeme ?) above the juxta, probably
attached to the upper lobe and vinculum, the dorsal surface of this structure is covered with few tiny setae; sacculus small,
narrow; uncus broad, triangular (viewed ventrally) elongated (viewed laterally), bifid, tips acuminate with long setae,
emargination small, rounded; juxta broad, heart-shaped. Aedeagus simple, funnel-like, very broad and rounded basally,
narrow and rounded distally; vesica without cornuti.

Diagnosis: A. heringi is related to species from the Cape Floristic Region and in particular to A. kruegeri spec. nov. If
compared to the latter species the similar venation as well as the almost identical and high antenna-wing ratio of 0.69:1 in the
latter species and 0.70:1 in A. heringi are noteworthy. The male genitalia is similar, too, comprising: Firstly, a short, funnel-
like aedeagus; secondly, two lobes of which the upper one has a tip resembling a small finger-nail (best visible immediately
after dissection); thirdly, a large, rounded structure (a kind of valval apodeme ?) above the juxta and fourthly, the small,
rounded emargination in the uncus. The entirely different wing pattern, the hole at the base of the dorsal surface of the uncus
in A. kruegeri spec. nov., that is absent in A. heringi, as well as the absence of a saccus in the latter species, justify that both
are treated as two separate species.

Habitat: Windhoek (altitude 1721 m; mean annual rainfall 382 mm) is located in central Namibia on the Khomas Hochland
plateau area and Windhoek Bergland. Both belong to the ,,Highland Savanna“ sensu Giess (1971) and to the ,,Kalahari-
Highveld regional transition zone“ sensu White (1983). The flora is a mixture of Zambezian, Karoo-Namib and endemic
species. The Auas Mountain complexes are located about 10 km southeastern from Windhoek. They are geologically linked
to the Khomas Hochland and have been identified as an Important Plant Area (Hofmeyr, 2004). The Khomas Hochland is
characterized by rolling plains interspersed by inselbergs and scattered rocky outcrops. The latter have their own unique
vegetation types, for example, with Aloe littoralis Baker. The remaining areas are covered by an Acacia hereroensis Engl.-
Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. association with Albizia anthelmintica (A. Rich.) Brongn., Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.)
Planch. and Maerua selina Pax. The shrub layer is diverse with, e.g., Acacia hebeclada DC. ssp. hebeclada. The grass layer
is often open. The foot slopes of the Khomas Hochland are stony and similar in regard to their vegetation types on upper
slopes, but within the Windhoek Townlands the original foot slope vegetation has been largely degraded to mine gravel.
Locally occur dense stands of Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. ssp. detinens (Burch.) Brenan. This is a species that has
increased through bush encroachment. Giess (1968) mentioned another example for areas south of Windhoek where he

observed an increasing and very dense bush encroachment of Lycium bosciifolium Schinz and Rhigozum trichotomum Burch.

in 1952 on formerly cut grasslands (until 1915) which had only scattered trees of Acacia giraffae Willd., Boscia albitrunca
(Burch.) Gilg & Benedict and Ziziphus mucronata Willd. along dry river beds. South of Windhoek occur Acacia erioloba E.
Mey. woodlands associated with Grewia flava DC. and Ziziphus mucronata Willd. A high diversity and endemism are found
among the geophytic genera Scilla, Ledebouria, Nerine and Crinum; Pseudogaltonia clavata (Mast.) E. Phillips is common
in these woodlands. Southwestern from Windhoek occur grassy ,,omurambas“. These are shallow drainage lines, e.g.,. with
Gnidia polycephala (C.A. Mey.) Gilg, Asparagus laricinus Burch., Ziziphus mucronata Willd., Hermannia damarana Baker
f. and the rare endemic Pegolettia pinnatilobata (Klatt) O. Hoffm.

Ecology: A. heringi is classified as a montane species. Its habitat is associated with wooded grasslands that support locally a
diverse shrub layer as well as a different, highly specific vegetation with a number of niche species that are restricted to rocky
outcrops. The geophytic flora is very diverse and includes many endemic species.

Distribution: A. heringi is only known from Windhoek. It is preliminarily classified as an eademic species of the ,, Kalahari-
Highveld regional transition zone“ and as an endemic of Namibia. Since its closest related species occurs in the ,,Cape

Floristic Region“, it is expected that its range extends in particular further south from Windhoek.

Arbelodes dupreezi spec. nov.

Plate 5, figure 24; figures 24 a, b

Material examined: holotype male, Namibia, Karas Region, Farm Aar, 15.-17.January.1972, Southern Africa Expedition
B.M. 1972-1, ex BMNH, genitalia slide number 18/022010 I. Lehmann (deposited in the BMNH, genitalia slide number
BMNH COSS 419).

Etymology: The species is named for Peter du Preez (Drakensberg Boys Choir School, South Africa) who provided detailed
information about the flora of the Dragon Peaks Mountain Resort.

Description of the male (holotype)

Forewing length 14.0 mm; antenna-wing ratio 0.64:1.

Head: rough-scaled, glossy, ivory yellow mixed with long hairs of dark olive-grey around eyes as well as base of antennae,
eyes ecru-olive with black patches; a pair of small pits on lower part of frontoclypeus absent, but a pair of small pits occurs
behind the lower half of the labial palpi; antennae bipectinate, scaled on shaft and dorsal side of branches, pale smoke grey;
branches of antennae eight times the width of shaft, narrow, covered with hairs in pairs, projecting inwards from tip to near
base, tip of branch acuminate with two thorn-like scales, branches strongly bent towards tip of antenna, touch each other;
distance between branches (at base) one time the width of branch; labial palpi long, narrow, as long as diameter of eye and
densely covered with scales of colonial buff. Thorax: patagia glossy, densely covered with long hairs of ivory yellow mixed
with hairs of dark olive-grey, forming a collar ring; tegulae glossy, ivory yellow mixed with dark olive-grey; two small crests
of buffy brown mixed with dark olive-grey on metathorax. Abdomen: largely ivory yellow. Legs: femora and tibiae covered
with long, ivory yellow hairs mixed with dark olive-grey, glossy; tarsi densely scaled, ivory yellow; hindlegs with two pairs
of spurs, narrow, long, 1.2 mm, overlapping first tarsal joint. Forewing: upperside faded, rough-scaled, glossy, dark olive-
grey; along the costa buffy brown; a prominent patch of ivory yellow (that might be pure white in a fresh specimen), edged
buffy brown at the end-of cell; below lower median and near base of wing a large, triangular patch of buffy brown, edged
sepia and ivory yellow (that might be pure white in a fresh specimen); CuA, pure white; cilia glossy, long, 1.1 mm, dark
olive-grey, ivory yellow towards base. Underside rough-scaled, dark olive-grey, glossy. Venation: cell longer than half the
length of the wing; 1A+2A forked at base, CuP obsolete; CuA, from one-third of lower median, CuA, from half the distance
of CuA, to M3; veins M3 and M> separated and from lower angle; M, from upper angle; areole elongated, protruding upper
angle; R;+R4+R3 from top of areole and stalked; R, from areole; R, from upper angle; Sc more or less parallel to Rj;
discocellular angled inwardly, upper angle open towards termen; lower angle slightly shorter than upper one, veinlet in cell
obsolete towards base. Hindwing: upperside dark olive-grey, glossy; cilia as in forewing. Underside rough-scaled, dark
olive-grey; frenulum absent. Venation: cell shorter than half the length of the wing; 3A present, 1A+2A present, CuP
obsolete; CuA, as in forewing; CuA,, M; and M) from lower angle, M3 and M) separated; M, and Rs stalked and emerging

from upper angle; no bar to Sc+Rj, the latter crosses the base of the upper median of the cell at one-third of its length;

discocellular angled inwardly, lower angle slightly shorter than upper angle, veinlet in cell present. Genitalia: saccus small
and broad with three rounded tips (viewed ventrally); tegumen and vinculum fused, forming a firm ring that is broad on its
entire length, vinculum broader; in between the upper half of the tegumen a thin plate-like structure (best visible immediately
after dissection); valvae broad at base, two lobes present; upper lobe broad, long, stands upright towards uncus, short setae on
the whole ventral side and at the rounded tip; lower lobe broad, thorn-like, setae mainly on the dorsal side; a small gap in
between ventral side of valvae and vinculum; below the vinculum no hook-like structure; there is a large, rounded structure
(a kind of valval apodeme 7?) above the juxta, attached to the upper lobe and vinculum, the dorsal surface of this structure is
covered with setae; sacculus small, narrow; uncus broad, triangular (viewed ventrally), elongated (viewed laterally), bifid,
tips acuminate with long setae, emargination small, rounded; juxta broad, shaped as a half-moon with two acuminate tips.
Aedeagus simple, funnel-like, very broad and rounded basally, narrow and rounded distally; vesica without cornuti.
Diagnosis: A. dupreezi spec. nov. has a large wing size and is currently the largest Arbelodes known from Namibia. It has
two peculiar features: Firstly, a small saccus with three rounded tips (viewed ventrally) and secondly, the upper lobe, that is
not bent, but stands upright towards the uncus. It is related to species from the Cape Floristic Region, in particular to A.
agassizi spec. nov. and to A. heringi (Janse) from Windhoek. The antenna-wing ratios of 0.64:1 in A. dupreezi spec. nov.,
0.65:1 in A. agassizi spec. nov. and 0.70:1 in A. heringi are high. Common characters in the male genitalia of the first two
species comprise the short, funnel-like aedeagus; the two lobes of which the lower one is thorn-like; the gap in between the
ventral side of the valvae and vinculum and the broad uncus (viewed ventrally). Similar to A. heringi is the large and rounded
structure (a kind of valval apodeme ?) above the juxta as well as the small and rounded emargination in the uncus.

Habitat: Farm Aar (altitude 1500-1650 m; mean annual rainfall generally 80-100 mm; mainly January-June) is located in
southwestern Namibia, ca. 30 km southeast from Aus and on the northern end of the Huib-Hoch Plateau. Winter snowfalls
are common and minimum temperatures may drop well below freezing. The Huib-Hoch Plateau is a prominent chain of large
flat-topped limestone hills that reaches 1800 m at its highest point in the north and lies at an altitude of ca. 1200 m in the
south. The vegetation of these hills belongs to the ,, Desert and Succulent Steppe“ sensu Giess (1971). The larger area is part
of the ,,Karoo-Namib regional centre of endemism“ sensu White (1983). The landscape near the Farm Aar is very ancient.
This is indicated by the occurrence of rocks of 1500 million year old gneisses of the Namaqua Metamorphic Complex with
resultant shallow, coarse-textured lithic leptosol soils. The only record of a specimen of the Ediacara fauna (534 myr old)
was found in the Namib Huib Plateau Park. This conservation area is located ca. 30 km south from Aus and borders the
Sperrgebiet for ca. 90 km, but stretches eastwards onto the Huib-Hoch Plateau. Large parts of the Namib Huib Plateau Park,
and probably of the Farm Aar, belong to one of the 34 world’s hotspots of biodiversity. This is the ,,Succulent Karoo“
(Desmet & Cowling, 2004). Its arid lands harbour 6356 plant species and the richest succulent flora worldwide. The flora is
mainly transitional between the Cape Floristic Region and the Nama-Karoo, with a stronger affinity to the former. Two
characteristic features are noteworthy: Firstly, the very high diversity of leaf succulents (ca. 1700 species) and secondly, the
mima-like mounds with a distinct flora. There is also a high number of endemic species among the fauna, e.g., in insects
>50 %. Several families are typical for the area, including the Mesembryanthemaceae (many genera), Crassulaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae and Liliaceae. Farm Aar has largely a sub-desert, karroid vegetation with barren land and
grasslands (towards the Aus escarpment and westwards along or close to the eastern Namib desert margin) and scattered trees
of Aloe dichotoma Masson. Trees of Acacia erioloba E. Mey. lining dry river beds. Legumes of the genera Sutherlandia and
Chamaecrista can be expected to occur (S$. Proches, pers. comm.). The author has not found any vegetation study east or
south from Aus. Others would be misleading due to a completely different geology to the west and north from Farm Aar. The
Aus Mountains, for example, are part of a granitic formation that is completely separated from the dolomitic Huib-Hoch
Plateau by a sandy plain ca. 10 km across at the narrowest point. This plain probably represents a significant barrier to the
dispersal of A. dupreezi spec. nov.

Ecology: A. dupreezi spec. nov. is classified as a montane species. Its arid habitat is associated with desert shrubland, in
particular with a barren plateau, characterized by a mixture of a sparse tree, shrub and grass layer. The very diverse succulent

vegetation is outstanding.

Distribution: A. dupreezi spec. nov. is known only from Farm Aar. It is classified as an endemic species of the ,, Karoo-

Namib regional centre of endemism“. Since close related species occur in the ,,Cape Floristic Region“ as well as around

Windhoek, it is expected that its range extends further south and north from the Huib-Hoch Plateau. However, on account of

the arid environment, with its very limited distribution possibilities, A. dupreezi spec. nov. might be endemic to the

“Namaqualand-Namib Domain” sensu Jurgens (1991). The latter is a subdivision of Jiirgens (1991) “Succulent Karoo

Floristic Region”.

PRELIMINARY KEY TO THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN SPECIES OF ARBELODES

The key is based exclusively on morphological characters. As for the majority of the 22 species only one or a few specimens

are available, identifications obtained with this key should be cross-checked carefully with the description, distribution and

the figures presented in this paper. For the same reason external features alone cannot be used for a determination.

Group A: Males with two lobes, antenna-wing ratio at least 0.50:1 and below 0.55:1

1. Forewing (=Fw) upperside without geometric design; uncus broad, edge serrate;
saccus long, ca. one-third of lower lobe
e Fw upperside with geometric design; saccus long, ca. one-third of lower lobe
2. Large triangular and rectangular patches, leaf-like or needle-like pattern on Fw;
- edge of uncus not serrate; two narrow thorn-like lobes
- edge of uncus not serrate; two thorn-like lobes with a small “third” lobe

e Fw upperside without geometric design; saccus small or absent

3. Hindwing (=Hw) upperside colourful (e.g., orange, yellow, old gold)
- light orange-yellow

e Fw and/or Hw with a geometric design, Hw not colourful; saccus smail or absent
4. Triangular or rectangular patches, thorn-like and T-like patterns
- Hw with a thorn-like pattern
- Fw with a small patch below half of costa; hole at base of uncus; four small thorns on tegumen
- small species with a short Fw
e Hw upperside neither colourful, nor with a geometric design
5. Uncus extremely short

- uncus resembling a face of a cat (viewed laterally)
- uncus not similar to a face of a cat; basal end of lower lobe square-shaped

Group B: Females including two species of group A and one species of group C

1. Fw with a geometric design
- Triangular and rectangular patches, thorn-like pattern, postabdominal structure
with a rudimentary (extremely small) anterior apophysis

e Fw almost without, Hw without a geometric design; anterior apophysis short
2. Geometric design reduced to a few rectangular or triangular patches
- Gap in postabdominal structure elongated, broad, upper half rounded

- Gap elongated, narrow, anterior apophyses S-shaped

e wand Hw with geometric design; anterior apophyses short

meridialis

sticticosta
deprinsi sp. nov.

BER)

flavicolor

albitorquata
iridescens

dicksoni spec. nov.
aeD

collaris
prochesi spec. nov.

sebelensis spec. nov.
eee

claudiae spec. nov.

meridialis

sae.

3. Leaf-like, thorn-like or T-like patterns on the whole Fw and along edge of Hw
- Gap in postabdominal structure strongly reduced, short and narrow
Group C: Males with three lobes, antenna-wing ratio at least 0.50:1 and below 0.55:1

1. Fw with a geometric design
- Fw colourful, old gold, white thorn-like pattern, rounded and rectangular patches

e@ Fw upperside without a geometric design, not or only a little colourful

2. Fw not colourful
- Three thick lobes covered with setae

e = Fw upperside a little colourful
3. Three narrow lobes present

- Small patches of orange-buff on Fw; very narrow lobes, on top with scale-like structures
- Many different shades of grey and white on Fw; lobes on top with long setae

Group D: Males with two lobes, antenna-wing ratio at least 0.55:1 and not above 0.60:1
e Fw elongated

1. Fw without geometric design
- Fw a little colourful with a small spot of pinkish buff

e = Fw witha silvery glint

2. Fw with a geometric design of rounded and rectangular patches, thorn-like, T-like patterns
- Fw with an extremely silvery glint

Group E: Males with two lobes, antenna-wing ratio at least 0.60:1 and above 0.70:1
e Antenna-wing ratio below 0.70:1

1. Fw without geometric design

- Fw short

- Fw elongated; the upper lobe stands vertical towards the uncus
e Fw with a geometric design of lunules

2. Lunules white

- a large triangular gap in between lower base of valvae and vinculum

- a gap in between lower base of valvae and vinculum absent, but present at base of uncus

e _Antenna-wing ratio at least 0.70:1

3. Fw without geometric design
- Fw elongated ;

e Fw witha geometric design

4. Fw with rounded, rectangular, thorn-like patterns
- Fw short

albitorquata.

claudiae spec. nov.

Hee

griseata

PPA)

mondeensis spec. nov.
kroonae

haberlandorum spec. nov.

a5)

shimonii spec. nov.

varii spec. nov.
dupreezi spec. nov.

agassizi spec. nov.
kruegeri spec. nov.

franziskae spec. nov.

heringi.

DISCUSSION

Distribution pattern in context to woody Leguminosae

Arbelodes is one of the larger genera among the Metarbelidae, currently comprising 22 species, of which 20 occur
exclusively in southern Africa as defined by Goldblatt (1978). Hence, it is essentially endemic to southern Africa. Its
northern or northeastern limit, respectively, is represented by a single species, namely A. claudiae spec. nov., which occurs in
northern Malawi and extends northwestwards to Mbala (formerly Abercorn) in northeastern Zambia. Currently, Arbelodes is
the only genus of the Metarbelidae that occurs predominantly in the montane zone of temperate and subtropical regions of
southern Africa with only minor extensions into mountainous areas of southern tropical Africa. Although the genus Teragra
is also most diverse in southern Africa, and is often sympatric with Arbelodes, the former extends well into the tropical
regions of eastern Africa, including at least five species that occur from northwestern Tanzania to southern Uganda and to
central Kenya. All the remaining Afrotropical genera of the Metarbelidae belong to a reverse class, predominantly including
species that occur in tropical regions. Interestingly, one of the two largest genera, namely Merarbela, is under-represented or
absent from areas were the genus Arbelodes has been recorded. For example, only two Metarbela species are known from
South Africa, and no species have been recorded so far from the Cape Floristic Region and from the Great Escarpment-
Drakensberg. Only two Metarbela species are known from southern Namibia, perhaps extending into adjacent areas of South
Africa. This supports the author’s field observations made in Kenya, that predominantly tropical genera, like Metarbela, are
closely linked to woody legumes (Lehmann & Kioko, 2005; Lehmann, 2008a, b; Lehmann, 2010). Woody legumes are
under-represented in those areas where a high diversity and endemism of Arbelodes have been found, e.g., in the Cape
Floristic Region as well as in the forests and thickets of the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg. One reason is that genera as
Amblygonocarpus, Baikiaea, Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Guibourtia are largely tropical African; extending only into
northern Namibia, northeastern Botswana and extreme northeastern South Africa. For example, only two species of the
widespread Brachystegia, only one species of Julbernardia and no Tamarindus occur in South Africa. The Leguminosae of
the Cape Floristic Region are comprised of mainly herbs and shrubs of the Papilionoideae, with a great development of
Crotalarieae and Liparieae (Goldblatt, 1978). Among the southern African subtropical thicket vegetation, the woody legumes
are also under-represented. Only one woody genus that is commonly present in thicket is Schotia, associated with semi-arid
vegetation, as well as the narrow Eastern Cape endemic Umtiza listeriana Sim (Caesalpinioideae) (Cowling et al., 2005).
Currently, comparatively few Arbelodes species are known to occur in southern African savannas. In this context it is
important to note, that those legumes that are dominant in savannas today (e.g., Mimoseae, Acaciae, Indigofereae) were also
dominant, prior to grass invasion, in African dry forest ecosystems as far back as 46 myr BP (Herendeen & Jacobs, 2000).
Since Arbelodes is absent from large tropical savanna areas, but most diverse in the Cape Floristc Region and on the Great
Escarpment-Drakensberg, it must be linked to the warm temperate and/or subtropical southern African elements that
characterize these areas. Warm temperate elements include the southern African conifer genera, Podocarpus and
Widdringtonia, where the former is a pre-Cretaceous relict. Both genera are part of Afrotemperate forests that extend in a
patchy feature from the Cape Floristic Region via to the Afromontane Region towards the equator, but Widdringtonia extends
only to Malawi, where Juniperus, a northern temperate element, becomes more common northwards. The Arbelodes species
described herein, from the Cederberg, from Impetyeni Forest, from the Balgowan forest complex (South Africa) and the
Juniperus forest (northern Malawi) are certainly linked to these ancient conifer genera, but less so to the woody legumes (cf:
habitat descriptions above). Subtropical southern African elements are particularly common in thickets that include a
remarkable succulent component. What is of importance is, that the vast majority of thicket vegetation are plants of Eocene
age. These include the Celastraceae as the most diverse family among woody thicket species. Large areas of the Cape
Floristic Region are covered by fynbos (dominated by Ericaceae, Geraniaceae, Restionaceae, Proteaceae) with many
elements derived from thicket/forest lineages (Cowling et al., 2005). Only regular fires maintain most of the fynbos areas,
which are otherwise suitable for Afrotemperate forest. The Ericaceae originated in western Gondwanaland, and, like the other

three families, they are poorly represented outside of the Cape Floristic Region. Hence, a close relationship between these

58)

four typical fynbos families and the genus Arbelodes appears to be unlikely, because Arbelodes is also well represented

outside of the Cape Floristic Region, in particular on the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg.

Relationships to other genera of the Metarbelidae

At this stage the author found no morphological characters among Arbelodes that indicate a close relationship to any of the
tropical African genera. This shows that Arbelodes originated and developed in southern Africa. An outstanding feature of
Arbelodes is that it includes species with and without a geometric design, as well as with and without colourful hindwings,
and hence the wing pattern of species it does not resemble closely. This is a remarkable contrast to all other genera. Great
morphological differences exist to species of the genus Teragra which have very often a frenulum as well as extremely

strong veins. Arbelodes is outstanding among the Metarbelidae at the moment.

Diversity

It is to be expected that the total number of Arbelodes will increase. It is very likely that another 25-50 new species will be
discovered in southern Africa. Some Arbelodes species might be locally common, but the majority are most probably rare.
Potential habitats with a high number of new and endemic species are located, in particular, on the Great Escarpment-
Drakensberg and its adjacent areas (in old stands of Afrotemperate forests, or in a mosaic of grassland with embedded
patches of Afrotemperate forest and/or southern African subtropical thicket); in the Cape Floristic Region and among the
karroid vegetation of southern Namibia. Locally, the number of endemic species is certainly high, e.g., on the Cederberg,
where five endemic species are known. Nevertheless, the majority of the 22 species have probably a scattered occurrence,
small ranges and appear to be local and/or rare endemics. This is an unusual distribution pattern for a whole genus and

indicates the relict character of Arbelodes.

Arbelodes - a potential Gondwana or Cretaceous relict

Based on the following five facts, the author assumes that the genus Arbelodes is of great antiquity, with its nuclei of
Gondwana or Cretaceous origin:

Firstly, Arbelodes is not a tropical genus, but originated in southern Africa. The majority of species occur in montane zones
and in ancient vegetation types of South Africa and southern Namibia with largely subtropical/temperate elements (cf: Table
1). There is a general rule, namely that those Arbelodes of the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg (A. sticticosta, A. albitorquata,
A. deprinsi spec. nov., A. griseata and A. iridescens) are largely endemic to this mountain complex and they have no relations
to genera and/or species occurring in the Afromontane Region north from the plateau areas near the southern shores of Lake
Tanganyika. Arbelodes prochesi spec. nov. is closely related to these five species and is known from the Eastern Highlands
of Zimbabwe. In the African context, Arbelodes is predominantly an Afromontane genus, but it is only Afromontane because
White (e.g., 1983) included the Great Escarpment-Drakensberg as the southernmost system into one of his seven
Afromontane archipelago-like mountain systems, stretching in case of the Drakensberg mountain complex, from the
Soutpansberg in the northeast to Knysna in the south. The Great Escarpment-Drakensberg and the Eastern Highlands of
Zimbabwe represent landscapes which are older than the African cycle of erosion and the higher peaks are considered to be
remnants of the Jurassic/Gondwanan surface (Agnew, 1958; Partridge & Maud, 1987). In terms of geomorphology, the Great
Escarpment-Drakensberg with its very scarp slopes, is considered the oldest feature of the Great Karoo, representing a
passive relict of the Gondwana continental margin (Matmon et al., 2002).

Secondly, Arbelodes occurs outside southern Africa, but only on plateau areas or in the Afromontane Region. The
northeastern limit is the plateau around Mbala, which is not far from evergreen forest relicts of chipya vegetation and
Pleistocene forest refuges, close to the southeastern shores of Lake Tanganyika (Trapnell, 1943; Lawton, 1963). Lowland

species are only known from the Eastern and Western Cape provinces in South Africa. Such a distribution pattern indicates a

relict character and very ancient adaptations to the climate of the Afromontane Region, which is temperate across its entire
area. Seventeen species occur south of the 24" parallel of latitude where frost, snow and cold, rainy winters are common. A
few species occur even in arid, very hot environments. Adaptation to such extreme climates must be very ancient and linked
to an Africa that was some 15° to the south in the late Cretaceous and Paleocene (71-64 myr BP), until it reached its present
position 30-25 myr BP. The higher diversity and endemism in montane zones of southern Africa can not only be explained
by a moister climate, often with a mist effect at higher altitudes, but also by a stable geological structure. For the latter, its
main topographical features have not changed since Mid-Tertiary times. From the late Miocene onwards, the climate of
southern Africa became colder and drier as a consequence of growth of the Antarctic ice sheet and the development of the
Antarctic circumpolar current. Arbelodes occurring at present in savannas, e.g., around Pretoria, Mokopane and Sebele, are
most probably all relicts and indicators of woodlands or thickets that were replaced by more open savanna by the end of the
Pliocene (Vrba, 1985).

Thirdly, Arbelodes is historically neither an arid nor a semi-arid element. From the Miocene onward, the climate of southern
Africa became more arid and drought-adapted species evolved, particularly at lower elevations. The genus Arbelodes is not
originally linked to arid lands, and hence, must be much older than the Tertiary, when desert and semi-desert conditions
extended from southern Africa far towards the equator, resulting in a vast arid area surrounded by dry grassland merging into
savanna (Van Zinderen Bakker, 1976). During the Tertiary and during dry glacial times, there was a broad “drought
corridor” (Balinsky, 1962), stretching from the Western Cape and Namibia unbroken northeasterly to the Somali Peninsula.
Van Zinderen Bakker (1975) later termed this the “Arid Corridor”. An important fact regarding the Arbelodes is that this
corridor was open several times for the migration of semi-arid and arid elements through a gap between the Tanganyika and
Malawi lakes. This gap is exactly the distribution range of A. claudiae spec. nov. Interestingly, this species does not occur in
Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania, nor in the Western Cape Province or Namibia. This indicates that Arbelodes is certainly not an
arid, nor a semi-arid element of Africa, because it would have migrated via this corridor. That this did not happen is also
indicated by the absence of any related genera or species in Kenya, Somalia and on the Arabian Peninsula. Hence, Arbelodes
stands on its own and survived mainly in montane zones, which must have not lost all its forests or woodlands during the
Antarctic glacial maxima of the Tertiary age and during the Quaternary glaciations.

Fourthly, Arbelodes is not linked to a tropical wet forest vegetation. It is closely linked to ancient temperate/subtropical forest
and thicket vegetation with a succulent component. Southern Africa was covered by larger forests or open woodlands,
dominated by mixed gymnosperm-angiosperm types during the Cretaceous-Palaeocene. Gymnosperms were abundant, é.g.,
at Banke (Namaqualand) with Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae (Scotese, 2001; Cowling et al., 2005). Some of the
Arbelodes occurring in South Africa are linked to natural forest patches, where the genus Podocarpus is common, or to
southern African subtropical thicket vegetation embedded in a grassland matrix. Southern African thicket is part of an
ancient, xeric manifestation of Upper Cretaceous to early Paleogene warm temperate and subtropical forest flora. The genera
Encephalartos and Strelitzia are most likely Cretaceous relicts with highest diversities along the eastern side of the Great
Escarpment-Drakensberg, Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe and southern Cape (Cowling et al., 2005).

Fifthly, Arbelodes is the only genus that includes remarkably contrasting species, indicating a development within the genus
over long periods of time. It comprises species of at least three groups: Firstly, those in which a geometric design is entirely
absent; secondly, those where a geometric design on the forewings is often combined with a very strong silvery glint shine;
and finally, species without a geometric design, but with colourful hindwings. Species of different groups occur in a
sympatric manner, in particular in the Cape Floristic Region and in the southern part of the Eastern Cape Province. This

might indicate several speciation events, perhaps over a very long period.

Table 1: Potential endemism, altitude range and main vegetation types of 22 species of the genus Arbelodes

Arbelodes meridialis Karsch, 1896
endemic to South Africa

(southeastern part only ?)

Arbelodes sticticosta (Hampson, 1910)
endemic to South Africa and Lesotho
(probably to the Great Escarpment-
Drakensberg and its foothills)

Arbelodes flavicolor (Janse, 1925)

a rare species; endemic to South Africa
(Maputaland-Pondoland endemic ?)
Arbelodes deprinsi spec. nov.

endemic to South Africa, Lesotho;

Great Escarpment-Drakensberg

Altitude range
from near sea-level to 1500 m,

lowland to montane

700 m — 1200 m

submontane to montane

1650 m

montane

1255 m

montane

Main vegetation types and habitats

Suurberg Shale Fynbos; Besemkaree
Koppies Shrubland; ericoid shrublands;
Cape thickets; southern African
subtropical thickets

Afrotemperate forest types; Southern
Mistbelt Forest embedded in a grassland
matrix; Midlands Mistbelt Grassland;
thornveld with termitaria and grassland;

wooded grassland (Afromontane)
Southern Mistbelt Forest
Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland

with Northern Afrotemperate Forest

patches and Protea ssp.

Arbelodes
1910)

albitorquata (Hampson,
endemic to South Africa and Lesotho

(Great Escarpment-Drakensberg only ?)

Arbelodes collaris Aurivillius, 1921

potential endemic to South Africa

Arbelodes prochesi spec. nov.

disjunct distribution, Eastern Highlands
of Zimbabwe and Kalomo (Zambia)
Arbelodes sebelensis spec. nov.

relict distribution in eastern Botswana

and western South Africa ?
Arbelodes claudiae spec. nov.
currently the most northern species;

northern Malawi, northeastern Zambia

Arbelodes griseata (Janse, 1925)

potential endemic to South Africa

1300 — 1760 m

montane

Note: Janse (1925) mentioned a record
(a
population or a different species ?)
1100 m

montane

from Durban lowland relict

1200 — 1800 m

montane

900-1000 m

submontane

1250-2215 m

montane to upper montane

1150-1750 m

montane

Camdebo
Amathole
Andesite Mountain Bushveld;

Escarpment Thicket;

Mountain Grassland;
short
montane grassland with woody thickets
and Northern Afrotemperate Forest
Makhado Sweet Bushveld; shrubby
bushveld with poorly developed grass
layer

Miombo with dambo grassland and

riverine woodland; mixed montane

forest; legume-dominated forest

Thornveld;

Dwaalboom Kalahari

Thornveld; deciduous, microphyllous
trees and shrubs embedded in grassland,
few broad-leaved trees
Juniperus procera forest remnants;
admixture of miombo, chipya and
riparian forest; forest remnants with
Afromontane species

Gold Reef

subtropical savannas of the Central

Mountain Bushveld;
Bushveld; Tzaneen Sour Bushveld;
dense tree/shrub layers with grass and
succulent herbs; mainly with woody

legumes

Arbelodes mondeensis spec. nov.
endemic to South Africa,

Albany Centre

Arbelodes iridescens (Janse, 1925)
endemic to South Africa
(Drakensberg only 7?)

Arbelodes haberlandorum spec. nov.
endemic to South Africa

Cape Floristic Region
(Cederberg only ?)

Arbelodes shimonii spec. nov.
endemic to South Africa

Cape Floristic Region
(Cederberg only ?)

Arbelodes dicksoni spec. nov.
endemic to South Africa

(Cape Floristic Region only ?)
Arbelodes varii spec. nov.
endemic to South Africa

(Cape Floristic Region only 7?)
Arbelodes franziskae spec. nov.
endemic to South Africa

Cape Floristic Region
(Cederberg only ?)

Arbelodes agassizi spec. nov.
endemic to South Africa

Cape Floristic Region
(Cederberg only ?)

Arbelodes kruegeri spec. nov.
endemic to South Africa

Cape Floristic Region
(Cederberg only ?)

Arbelodes heringi (Janse, 1930)

endemic to Namibia

Arbelodes dupreezi spec. nov.

endemic to Namibia

(only Namaqualand-Namib Domain ?)
Arbelodes kroonae Lehmann, 2007
endemic to Namibia;

in the Ai-Ais NP close to Pleistocene

refuge areas of the West/ East Gariep

Altitude range
0-73 m

lowland

1200-1350

montane

517m

submontane (and montane 7)

517m

submontane (and montane ?)

0-350 m

lowland and submontane

5-25 m (up to 331 m ?)

lowland (and submontane ?)

517m

submontane (and montane ?)

517m

submontane (and montane ?)

517m

submontane (and montane ?)

1700 m

montane

1500-1650 m

montane

600-1100 m

submontane-montane

Main vegetation types and habitats
Kowie Thicket; Albany Coastal Belt;
woody legumes mixed with succulent
euphorbias

Lydenburg Montane Grassland with
Northern Mistbelt Forest patches,
thickets and Protea spp.; savannas of
the Central Bushveld adjacent to
montane grasslands of the Drakensberg
Citrusdal Vygieveld; riparian woodland
with elements of the Southern
Afrotemperate Forest, Cape thicket and
Succulent Karoo

Citrusdal Vygieveld; riparian woodland
with elements of the Southern
Afrotemperate Forest, Cape thicket and
Succulent Karoo

Peninsula Shale Renosterveld; open
shrubland with Cape thicket elements
and regular fires

Cape Seashore Vegetation; Cape Flats
Sand Fynbos; a diverse dwarf woody,
succulent element, many Protea spp.
Citrusdal Vygieveld; riparian woodland
with elements of the Southern
Afrotemperate Forest, Cape thicket and
Succulent Karoo

Citrusdal Vygieveld; riparian woodland
with elements of the Southern
Afrotemperate Forest, Cape thicket and

Succulent Karoo

Citrusdal Vygieveld; riparian woodland

with elements of the Southern
Afrotemperate Forest, Cape thicket and
Succulent Karoo

Highland Savanna; woody legumes; a
diverse shrub layer; specific flora on
outcrops; a diverse geophytic flora
Succulent Karoo; sub-desert, karroid
vegetation; trees limited to dry river
beds; very diverse (leaf) succulent flora
Richtersberg Mountain Desert; Nama-
Karoo flora; bare rocks with scattered
low trees and a very diverse leaf-

succulent flora, rich in Euphorbia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am very grateful to the botanist Dr Serban Proches (University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban) for valuable comments on an
earlier version of this paper. Jonathan Timberlake (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and Dr Janice Golding (University of
Oxford, UK) provided unpublished information on the vegetation around Kalomo and Mbala (Zambia) as well as to the
Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. Dr Douglas Kroon (Sasolburg) contributed important and unpublished information about

several of the collecting sites in South Africa, e.g., to Ken Pennington’s home and to the Farm Onbedacht.

I would like to thank Martin Honey (BMNH, London), Dr Wolfgang Speidel and Thomas Josef Witt (MWM, Munich),
Dr Helida Oyieke and Dr Esther Kioko (NMK, Nairobi), Dr Johannes Bergsten (NRM, Stockholm), Dr Martin Kriiger
(TMSA, Pretoria), Dr Wolfram Mey (ZMHB, Berlin) and Dr Axel Hausmann (ZSM, Munich) for allowing me to study
Metarbelidae species (Arbelodes) from their respective museum institutions. Raymond James Murphy (Mzuzu) sent me

relevant specimens from Malawi.

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1mm mm

1b 2b 3b

Figure. 1a. Wing venation of: Arbelodes meridialis Karsch (1896), male; 2a Arbelodes meridialis Karsch (1896), female;
3a. Arbelodes sticticosta (Hampson, 1910), male.

Figure. 1b. Genitalia of: Arbelodes meridialis Karsch (1896), male; 2b Arbelodes meridialis Karsch (1896), female;
3b. Arbelodes sticticosta (Hampson, 1910), male.

fat imm imm

4b Sb 6b

Figure. 4a. Wing venation of: Arbelodes flavicolor (Janse, 1925), male, holotype; 5a Arbelodes deprinsi spec. nov., male,
holotype; 6a. Arbelodes albitorquata (Hampson, 1910), male.

Figure. 4b. Genitalia of: Arbelodes flavicolor (Janse, 1925), male, holotype; 5b Arbelodes deprinsi spec. nov., male,
holotype; 6b. Arbelodes albitorquata (Hampson, 1910), male.

5mm 5mm 5mm

Imm 1mm

1mm

7b 8b 9b

Figure. 7a. Wing venation of: Arbelodes albitorquata (Hampson, 1910), female; 8a. Arbelodes collaris Aurivillius (1921),

male, co-type; 9a. Arbelodes prochesi spec. nov., male, holotype.

Figure. 7b. Genitalia of:Arbelodes albitorquata (Hampson, 1910), female; 8b.Arbelodes collaris Aurivillius (1921), male,
co-type; 9b. Arbelodes prochesi spec. nov., male, holotype.

5mm
5 mm

11b ~12b

Figure. 10a. Wing venation of: Arbelodes sebelensis spec. nov., female, holotype; 11a.Arbelodes claudiae spec. nov., male,

holotype; 12a. Arbelodes claudiae spec. nov., female, paratype.

Figure. 10b. Genitalia of: Arbelodes sebelensis spec. nov., female, holotype; 1ib. Arbelodes claudiaespec. nov., male,
holotype; 12b. Arbelodes claudiae spec. nov., female, paratype.

13b 14b 15b

Figure. 13a. Wing venation of: Arbelodes griseata (Janse, 1925), male; 14a. Arbelodes mondeensis spec. nov., male,
holotype; 15a. Arbelodes iridescens (Janse, 1925), male.

Figure. 13b. Genitalia of: Arbelodes griseata (Janse, 1925), male; 14b. Arbelodes mondeensis spec. nov., male, holotype;
15b. Arbelodes iridescens (Janse, 1925), male.

imm 1mm 1mm

16b 17b 18b

Figure. 16a. Wing venation of: Arbelodes haberlandorum spec. nov., male, holotype; 17a. Arbelodes shimonii spec. nov.,

male, holotype; 18a. Arbelodes dicksoni spec. nov., male, holotype.

Figure. 16b. Genitalia of: Arbelodes haberlandorum spec. nov., male, holotype; 17b.Arbelodes shimonii spec. nov., male,
holotype; 18b. Arbelodes dicksoni spec. nov., male, holotype.

1mm 1mm imm

19b 20b 21b

Figure. 19a. Wing venation of: Arbelodes varii spec. nov., male, holotype; 20a. Arbelodes franziskae spec. nov., male,

holotype; 21a. Arbelodes agassizi spec. nov., male, holotype.

Figure. 19b. Genitalia of: Arbelodes varii spec. nov., male, holotype; 20b.Arbelodes franziskae spec. nov., male, holotype;

21b. Arbelodes agassizi spec. nov., male, holotype.

22b 23b 24b

Figure. 22a. Wing venation of:Arbelodes kruegeri spec. nov., male, holotype; 23a. Arbelodes heringi (Janse, 1930), male,
holotype; 24a. Arbelodes dupreezi spec. nov., male, holotype.

Figure. 22b. Genitalia of: Arbelodes kruegeri spec. nov., male, holotype; 23b. Arbelodes heringi(Janse, 1930), male,
holotype; 24b. Arbelodes dupreezi spec. nov., male, holotype.

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Arbelodes meridialis Karsch (1896), male, South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Steynsburg.

Fig. 2. Arbelodes meridialis Karsch (1896), female, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal.

Fig. 3. Arbelodes sticticosta (Hampson, 1910), male, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Balgowan.

Fig. 4. Arbelodes flavicolor (Janse, 1925), male, holotype, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Impetyeni Forest.

Fig. 5. Arbelodes deprinsi spec. nov., male, holotype, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Dragon Peaks Park.
73

PLATE 2

Fig. 6. Arbelodes albitorquata (Hampson, 1910), male, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Coleford Nature Reserve.

Fig. 7. Arbelodes albitorquata (Hampson, 1910), female, South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Farm Onbedacht.

Fig. 8. Arbelodes collaris Aurivillius (1921), male, co-type, South Africa, Limpopo Province, Potgietersrus.

Fig. 9a. Arbelodes prochesi spec. nov., male, holotype, Zambia, Southern Province, Kalomo.

Fig. 9b. Arbelodes prochesi spec. nov., male, paratype, Zimbabwe, Vumba Highlands, Umtali.

Fig. 10. Arbelodes sebelensis spec. nov., female, holotype, Botswana, Bakgatla, Sebele.
qs

teen a

PLATE 3

Fig. 11. Arbelodes claudiae spec. nov., male, holotype, Malawi, Mzuzu, Nkhorongo.

Fig. 12. Arbelodes claudiae spec. nov., female, paratype, Malawi, Nyika Plateau, Juniperus forest.

Fig. 13. Arbelodes griseata (Janse, 1925), male, South Africa, North West Province, Rustenburg Natuurreservaat.

Fig. 14. Arbelodes mondeensis spec. nov., male, paratype, South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Kleinemonde.

Fig. 15. Arbelodes iridescens (Janse, 1925), male, South Africa, Gauteng Province, Pretoria.

Fig. 16. Arbelodes haberlandorum spec. nov., male, holotype, South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Rondegat.
Wi

: PLATE 4

Fig. 17. Arbelodes shimonii spec. nov., male, holotype, South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Rondegat.
Fig. 18. Arbelodes dicksoni spec. nov., male, holotype, South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town.

Fig. 19. Arbelodes varii spec. nov., male, holotype, South Africa, Western Cape Province, Bloubergstrand.

Fig. 20. Arbelodes franziskae spec. nov., male, holotype, South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Rondegat.
Fig. 21. Arbelodes agassizi spec. nov., male, holotype, South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Rondegat.

Fig. 22. Arbelodes kruegeri spec. nov., male, holotype, South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Rondegat.
79

PLATE 5

Fig. 23a. Arbelodes heringi (Janse, 1930), male, holotype, Namibia, Khomas Hochland, Windhoek.

Fig. 23b. Arbelodes heringi (Janse, 1930), male, Namibia, Khomas Hochland, Windhoek.

Fig. 24. Arbelodes dupreezi spec. nov., male, holotype, Namibia, Huib-Hoch Plateau, Farm Aar.

Fig. 25. Arbelodes kroonae Lehmann (2007), male, paratype, Namibia, Ai-Ais National Park, Gondwana Canyon Lodge.

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Full text of "A revision of the genus (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) from southeast-central and southern Africa with the description of 13 new species"

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